Table 3.
Changes in eating habits after studying abroad according to sleep quality.
| Changes in eating habits | Good Sleeper (n = 122) | Poor Sleeper (n = 111) | p-Value * | p-Value ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Change in environment of dietary consumption | 49.59 ± 14.75 | 56.53±13.89 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| The number of food purchases has increased. | 5.29 ± 3.44 | 5.41 ± 3.53 | 0.795 | 0.814 |
| The number of cooked meals has increased. | 3.03 ± 3.25 | 3.85 ± 3.83 | 0.081 | 0.012 |
| The range of food options has been reduced. | 5.45 ± 2.86 | 5.34 ± 3.24 | 0.778 | 0.582 |
| There is no one who helps make food. | 5.51 ± 3.42 | 6.46 ± 3.45 | 0.035 | 0.129 |
| The time to eat has decreased. | 3.46 ± 2.76 | 5.61 ± 2.66 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| There are difficulties in communicating when buying food. | 2.91 ± 2.75 | 3.73 ± 2.47 | 0.017 | 0.005 |
| I can’t eat what I like. | 4.57 ± 3.11 | 6.13 ± 2.84 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| I started to eat mainly Korean food. | 6.99 ± 2.27 | 7.48 ± 2.83 | 0.149 | 0.489 |
| There is an economic problem. | 6.17 ± 2.82 | 7.70 ± 2.29 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| When choosing food, the influence of a friend is great. | 5.39 ± 3.12 | 5.65 ± 3.78 | 0.564 | 0.792 |
| II. Eating problems | 35.12 ± 15.20 | 42.16 ± 17.19 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| The irregular hours of work and rest lead to irregular mealtimes. | 4.24 ± 2.93 | 6.73 ± 3.14 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| I can’t eat well because I don’t have time. | 3.18 ± 2.88 | 2.95 ± 3.32 | 0.581 | 0.837 |
| I only eat when I’m hungry. | 3.44 ± 2.79 | 3.67 ± 3.68 | 0.596 | 0.519 |
| The number of binge eating times depending on the taste of the food has increased. | 4.71 ± 3.07 | 5.36 ± 3.37 | 0.126 | 0.198 |
| The number of meals skipped to lose weight has increased. | 2.34 ± 2.92 | 3.00 ± 3.21 | 0.104 | 0.172 |
| The number of times breakfast is skipped to binge lunch has increased. | 2.85 ± 2.81 | 3.31 ± 3.07 | 0.231 | 0.095 |
| I tend to drink heavily. | 1.56 ± 2.26 | 2.93 ± 3.07 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| My vegetable intake has decreased. | 3.96 ± 3.03 | 3.85 ± 2.97 | 0.793 | 0.798 |
| My meat intake has increased. | 3.59 ± 2.82 | 4.35 ± 3.48 | 0.070 | 0.020 |
| I purchases and eat fast food often. | 5.27 ± 3.34 | 6.01 ± 3.15 | 0.080 | 0.128 |
| III. Reason for an unbalanced eating habits | 19.24 ± 9.15 | 21.37 ± 8.60 | 0.068 | 0.165 |
| I think it is because I eat alone when I am in Korea, and I eat with family at home. | 4.92 ± 2.93 | 4.23 ± 3.07 | 0.083 | 0.071 |
| I think this is because I can buy food easily in my home country, but it is difficult to buy food in Korea. | 3.98 ± 2.65 | 4.55 ± 3.09 | 0.131 | 0.216 |
| I think it’s because Korea doesn’t have access to food that I eat every day in my home country. | 3.20 ± 2.56 | 3.60 ± 2.85 | 0.252 | 0.265 |
| I think this is because I can cook and eat food in my home country, but I can’t eat the same foods in Korea. | 3.61 ± 3.08 | 4.91 ± 3.52 | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| I think it’s mainly because I eat out. | 3.55 ± 2.84 | 4.08 ± 2.90 | 0.159 | 0.346 |
| Total score of eating habits | 103.96 ± 28.40 | 120.08 ± 25.93 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Values represent means ± SDs. * p values were calculated using Student’s t-test. ** p values were calculated using a generalized linear model adjusted for age, gender, nationality, and acculturative stress.