Table 4.
Multivariate regression models of daily nutrient intake and daily food and beverage servings with regular consumers as the referent group (n = 671).
| Overall † | <----------------- Skipper -----------------> | <--------------- Intermittent ---------------> | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | p | β | (95% CI) | p | β | (95% CI) | p |
| Dietary Intake Parameters | |||||||
| Eating occasions | <0.001 * | −0.87 | (−1.01, −0.73) | <0.001 * | −0.42 | (−0.53, −0.30) | <0.001 * |
| HEI-2015 | <0.005 * | −3.88 | (−6.52, −1.24) | 0.004 * | −2.69 | (−4.76, −0.62) | 0.01 * |
| Total energy (kcal) | <0.004 * | 111.35 | (−5.11, 227.81) | 0.14 | 174.73 | (84.25, 265.20) | 0.001 * |
| Protein (%kcal) a,b | <0.001 * | −1.46 | (−2.26, −0.66) | <0.001 * | −0.96 | (−1.59, −0.34) | 0.001 * |
| Fat (%kcal) a,b | <0.005 * | 2.48 | (1.00, 3.95) | 0.001 * | 0.90 | (−0.25, 2.06) | 0.13 |
| Carbohydrate (%kcal) a,b | <0.001 * | −7.28 | (−9.10, −5.46) | <0.001 * | −2.82 | (−4.24, −1.39) | <0.001 * |
| Total fiber (g) a,b | <0.007 * | −1.03 | (−1.97, −0.09) | <0.02 * | −0.98 | (−1.72, −0.25) | 0.004 * |
| Total sugar (%kcal) a,b | <0.001 * | −5.91 | (−7.55, −4.26) | <0.001 * | −2.03 | (−3.32, −0.75) | 0.002 * |
| Soluble fiber (g) b | <0.001 * | −0.62 | (−0.93, −0.31) | <0.001 * | −0.39 | (−0.63, −0.14) | 0.001 * |
| Insoluble fiber (g) b | 0.051 | −0.46 | (−1.23, 0.30) | 0.12 | −0.61 | (−1.21, −0.01) | 0.02 |
| Added sugar (%kcal) b | 0.003 * | −1.64 | (−2.91, −0.37) | 0.002 * | 0.31 | (−0.68, 1.30) | 0.81 |
| Food and Beverage Servings | |||||||
| Whole grains (serving/day) c,d,e | 0.002 * | −0.14 | (−0.40, 0.13) | 0.001 * | −0.05 | (−0.26, 0.16) | 0.37 |
| Refined grains (serving/day) c,d,e | 0.16 | −0.21 | (−0.69, 0.28) | 0.06 | −0.27 | (−0.65, 0.11) | 0.32 |
| Meats (serving/day) c,d,e | 0.98 | 0.17 | (−0.30, 0.65) | 0.94 | 0.10 | (−0.27, 0.48) | 0.88 |
| Legumes (serving/day) c,d,e | 0.07 | 0.10 | (0.01, 0.19) | 0.02 | 0.01 | (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.64 |
| Vegetables, including 100% juice & potatoes (serving/day) c | 0.87 | −0.001 | (−0.26, 0.26) | 0.86 | −0.09 | (−0.29, 0.12) | 0.69 |
| Fruit, including 100% juice (serving/day) c | 0.001 * | −0.43 | (−0.77, −0.08) | 0.002 * | −0.24 | (−0.51, 0.03) | 0.003 * |
| Dairy, including flavored milk (serving/day) c | 0.09 | −0.18 | (−0.40, 0.03) | 0.03 | −0.09 | (−0.26, 0.08) | 0.30 |
| SSBs, including flavored milk (serving/day) c | 0.44 | −0.09 | (−0.28, 0.09) | 0.42 | 0.10 | (−0.04, 0.25) | 0.52 |
| Vegetables, excluding 100% juice (serving/day) d,e | 0.85 | 0.0004 | (−0.26, 0.26) | 0.85 | −0.09 | (−0.26, 0.26) | 0.66 |
| Fruit, excluding 100% juice (serving/day) d,e | 0.29 | −0.10 | (−0.40, 0.19) | 0.27 | −0.05 | (−0.28, 0.18) | 0.15 |
| Dairy, excluding flavored milk (serving/day) d,e | 0.40 | −0.07 | (−0.28, 0.14) | 0.27 | −0.09 | (−0.28, 1.4) | 0.26 |
| SSBs, excluding flavored milk (serving/day) d,e | 0.65 | 0.02 | (−0.14, 0.18) | 0.61 | 0.10 | (−0.03, 0.22) | 0.37 |
| Vegetables, excluding 100% juice & potatoes (serving/day) e | 0.57 | 0.03 | (−0.22, 0.28) | 0.66 | −0.12 | (−0.31, 0.07) | 0.46 |
Abbreviations: HEI, healthy eating index; SSBs, sugar-sweetened beverages. * Indicates a statistically significant value of p < 0.05. Multivariate regression assessed relationships between all dietary parameters by breakfast consumption groups (n = 671). Regular consumers served as the referent group for all analyses. † Overall effect of breakfast consumption groups. Eating occasions, HEI-2015 scores, and total energy were assessed in univariate models. a Model included percent protein, percent fat, percent carbohydrate, total fiber, and percent total sugar. b Model included percent protein, percent fat, percent carbohydrate, soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, and percent added sugar. c Model included vegetables (including 100% juice and potatoes), fruit (including 100% juice), dairy (including flavored milk), SSBs (including flavored milk), whole grains, refined grains, meats, and legumes. d Model included vegetables (excluding 100% juice), fruit (excluding 100% juice), dairy (excluding flavored milk), SSBs (excluding flavored milk), whole grains, refined grains, meats, and legumes. e Model was the same as the second model, replacing vegetables (excluding 100% juice) with vegetables (excluding 100% juice and potatoes). A priori covariates included: age, sex, race/ethnicity, free/reduced lunch status, BMI z-score, day of the week, and total energy.