| EL | Eurycoma longifolia |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| PDX1 | pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 |
| HbA1c | hemoglobin A1c |
| OGTT | Oral glucose tolerance test |
| NOAEL | no observed adverse effect level |
| ADI | acceptable daily intake |
| HOMA-IR | homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance |
| HOMA-β | homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function |
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