Table 3.

Changes in relative abundance at the species level by intervention group and within participants taking metformin.

	All Participants		Participants on Metformin
Species	Probiotic	Placebo	Probiotic	Placebo
Bifidobacterium breve	↑ *		↑ a
Bacteroides caccae	↑ *		↑ a	↑ *
Bacteroidales bacterium ph8	↑ *
Akkermansia muciniphila	↑ a
Clostridium hathewayi	↑ a
Prevotella copri a	↓ a
Flavonifractor plautii	↓ a
Bacteroides faecis		↑ *
Bacteroides finegoldii		↑ *
Bacteroides salyersiae		↑ *
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron		↑ *
Parabacteroides merdeae		↑ *
Bilophila wadsworthia		↑ **
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans		↓ *
Bacteroides uniformis			↓ *
Anaerotruncus colihominis			↑ a
Dorea formicigenerans				↑ *
Dorea longicatena				↑ *
Lachnospiraceae bacterium				↑ *

p values were obtained from Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test (^a p = 0.05; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005).