Table 1.
Characteristics of pregnant women and new-borns
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | |
|---|---|
| n | 17,610 |
| General characteristics | |
| Maternal age (years) | 31.8 ± 4.9 |
| Height (cm) | 158.4 ± 5.3 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 54.2 ± 9.2 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMIa | |
| < 18.5 (kg/m2) | 2325 (13.2) |
| 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25.0 (kg/m2) | 12,828 (72.8) |
| ≥ 25.0 (kg/m2) | 2213 (12.6) |
| Missing | 244 (1.4) |
| Parity | |
| Never | 8011 (45.5) |
| One or more | 9570 (54.3) |
| Missing | 29 (0.2) |
| Educational attainment | |
| High school graduate or less | 3685 (20.9) |
| Junior college or vocational college graduate | 4392 (24.9) |
| University graduate or above | 3311 (18.8) |
| Others | 26 (0.1) |
| Missing | 6196 (35.2) |
| Household income | |
| < 4,000,000 (Japanese Yen/year) | 6069 (34.5) |
| 4,000,000-5,999,999 (Japanese Yen/year) | 5481 (31.1) |
| ≥ 6,000,000 (Japanese Yen/year) | 5263 (29.9) |
| Missing | 797 (4.5) |
| Cigarette smoking | |
| Never | 10,639 (60.4) |
| Stoped before pregnancy | 4078 (23.2) |
| Stoped after pregnancy | 2437 (13.8) |
| Current | 400 (2.3) |
| Missing | 56 (0.3) |
| Alcohol consumption | |
| Never | 8011 (45.5) |
| Former | 6078 (34.5) |
| Current | 3480 (19.8) |
| Missing | 41 (0.2) |
| Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy | |
| Yes | 9904 (56.2) |
| No | 7678 (43.6) |
| Missing | 28 (0.2) |
| Dietary and nutrient consumption (From pre- to early pregnancy)b | |
| Total fruit consumption (g/d) | 152.1 ± 142.2 |
| Total vegetable consumption (g/d) | 155.3 ± 112.9 |
| Total meat consumption (g/d) | 77.1 ± 46.8 |
| Total fish consumption (g/d) | 37.4 ± 34.3 |
| Total grain consumption (g/d) | 426.7 ± 120.2 |
| Total potato consumption (g/d) | 24.5 ± 19.1 |
| Total bean consumption (g/d) | 59.6 ± 62.8 |
| Total dairy product consumption (g/d) | 202.7 ± 241.2 |
| Maternal total energy consumption (kcal) | 1686.2 ± 591.1 |
| Protein consumption (g/d) | 57.6 ± 11.1 |
| Fat consumption (g/d) | 57.7 ± 14.3 |
| Carbohydrate consumption (g/d) | 213.2 ± 37.4 |
| Iron consumption (mg/d) | 6.5 ± 1.7 |
| Folate consumption (μg/d) | 258.8 ± 99.2 |
| Magnesium consumption (mg/d) | 215.4 ± 46.4 |
| Vitamin C consumption (mg/d) | 83.5 ± 46.2 |
| Dietary and nutrient consumption (From early to mid pregnancy)b | |
| Total fruit consumption (g/d) | 146.8 ± 129.0 |
| Total vegetable consumption (g/d) | 146.5 ± 92.5 |
| Total meat consumption (g/d) | 74.4 ± 41.7 |
| Total fish consumption (g/d) | 35.6 ± 28.1 |
| Total grain consumption (g/d) | 408.2 ± 110.2 |
| Total potato consumption (g/d) | 23.9 ± 18.3 |
| Total bean consumption (g/d) | 56.0 ± 60.4 |
| Total dairy product consumption (g/d) | 224.4 ± 250.2 |
| Maternal total energy consumption (kcal) | 1612.4 ± 560.9 |
| Protein consumption (g/d) | 56.0 ± 10.0 |
| Fat consumption (g/d) | 55.9 ± 12.8 |
| Carbohydrate consumption (g/d) | 204.1 ± 33.0 |
| Iron consumption (mg/d) | 6.2 ± 1.6 |
| Folate consumption (μg/d) | 244.0 ± 83.9 |
| Magnesium consumption (mg/d) | 205.8 ± 41.8 |
| Vitamin C consumption (mg/d) | 78.2 ± 40.5 |
| Outcomes of infants | |
| Birth weight (g) | 3061.8 ± 354.1 |
| LBW | |
| < 2500 (g) | 951 (5.4) |
aBMI was calculated by dividing the pre-pregnancy weight (kg) by the square of height (m2)
bEnergy-adjusted using the residual method except for maternal total energy consumption
BMI Body mass index; LBW Low birth weight; SD Standard deviation