Table 3.

Energy-adjusted fruit and vegetable consumption from pre- to mid-pregnancy and LBW risk

	From pre- to early pregnancy				From early to mid-pregnancy
Quartiles	Crude model		Multivariable modela		Crude model		Multivariable modela
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Fruit
First quartile	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Second quartile	0.81	0.68–0.97	0.81	0.68–0.98	0.88	0.73–1.06	0.88	0.72–1.06
Third quartile	0.75	0.62–0.90	0.76	0.62–0.92	1.03	0.86–1.23	1.01	0.84–1.22
Fourth quartile	0.78	0.65–0.93	0.79	0.65–0.95	0.84	0.69–1.01	0.83	0.69–1.01
P for trend	0.004		0.01		0.22		0.22
Vegetables
First quartile	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Second quartile	0.97	0.81–1.17	1.00	0.83–1.22	1.08	0.90–1.30	1.05	0.87–1.28
Third quartile	0.94	0.78–1.13	1.00	0.82–1.23	0.97	0.81–1.17	0.95	0.78–1.16
Fourth quartile	0.98	0.82–1.18	1.07	0.88–1.32	1.03	0.86–1.24	1.04	0.85–1.28
P for trend	0.78		0.57		0.97		0.97

^aAdjusted for maternal age (continuous variable), pre-pregnancy BMI (< 18.5; 18.5 to 25.0; ≥25.0 kg/m²), parity (never; one or more), educational attainment (high school graduate or less; junior college or vocational college graduate; university graduate or above; others), household income (< 4,000,000; 4,000,000-5,999,999; ≥ 6,000,000 Japanese Yen/year), cigarette smoking (never; stop before pregnancy; stop after pregnancy; current), alcohol drinking (never; former; current), folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (yes vs. no), total fruit, vegetable, meat, fish, grain, potato, bean, and daily product consumption (in quartiles) except for the exposures

All dietary consumption was energy-adjusted using the residual method

P for trends were calculated as trends across categories

BMI Body mass index; LBW Low birth weight; 95% CI 95% confidence interval; OR Odds ratio