Table 4.

Changes in energy-adjusted fruit and vegetable consumption from pre- to mid-pregnancy and new-born birth weight

Quartiles		Crude model		Multivariable modela
	n	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Fruit
Category Ab	6266	Reference		Reference
Category Bc	2539	−2.6	−18.9–13.7	−5.1	−21.3–11.2
Category Cd	2539	20.5	4.2–36.8	19.4	3.1–35.8
Category De	6266	37.0	24.6–49.4	37.6	25.0–50.3
Vegetables
Category Ab	6348	Reference		Reference
Category Bc	2457	9.8	−6.7–26.3	6.3	−10.4–23.0
Category Cd	2457	−0.9	−17.4–15.6	−9.6	−26.3–7.1
Category De	6348	4.7	−7.7–17.0	−6.4	−19.8–6.9

^aAdjusted for maternal age (continuous variable), pre-pregnancy BMI (< 18.5; 18.5 to 25.0; ≥25.0 kg/m²), parity (never; one or more), educational attainment (high school graduate or less; junior college or vocational college graduate; university graduate or above; others), household income (< 4,000,000; 4,000,000-5,999,999; ≥ 6,000,000 Japanese Yen/year), cigarette smoking (never; stop before pregnancy; stop after pregnancy; current), alcohol drinking (never; former; current), folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (yes vs. no), changes in fruit, vegetable, meat, fish, grain, potato, bean, and daily product consumption (category A; B; C; D) except for the exposures

^bWomen whose answers to the first and second FFQs were in the first or second quartile

^cWomen whose answers to the first FFQ comprised the first or second quartile and whose responses to the second FFQ were in the third or fourth quartile

^dWomen whose answers to the first FFQ were in the third or fourth quartile and whose responses to the second FFQ were the first or second quartile

^eWomen whose answers to the first and second FFQs were in both the third or fourth quartile

All dietary consumption was energy-adjusted using the residual method

BMI Body mass index; FFQ Food frequency questionnaire; 95% CI 95% confidence interval