Table 1.
Species, oxylipins or diatom diets, concentrations tested and morphological and molecular effects (highlighting the most representative results) reported in the literature on sea urchins during 2010–2020. Abbreviations: DD, 2E,4E-decadienal; HD, 2E,4E-heptadienal; OD, 2E,4E-octadienal; OT, 2E,4E,7Z-octatrienal; 5-HEPE, 5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid; 9-HEPE, 9-hydroxy-5Z,7E,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid; 11-HEPE, 11-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid; 15-HEPE, 15-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid.
| Species | Oxylipins (μM)/Diatom | Morphological Effects | Molecular Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P. lividus | DD, HD, OD and OT (0.658–32) | Cleavage inhibition; Malformed plutei with decadienal | Not detected | [64] |
| P. lividus | DD (0.002–0.03) | Increase of endogenous NO levels and consequently apoptosis induction | Upregulation of hsp70 and caspase-8; downregulation of NOS | [65] |
| P. lividus | DD (0.001–0.0023) | Differentially expressed genes with dose dependent effect | Upregulation of hsp70, hsp56, hsp60, hat, BP10, 14-3-3ε, p38 MAPK, GS and MTase; downregulation of sox9, uni, SM30, Nec and SM50 | [66] |
| P. lividus | DD (0.5–2.5), HD (1.0–6.0) and OD (2.0–9.0) | Dose-dependent malformations of sea urchin plutei | Upregulation of hsp70, hat; downregulation of SM50, Wnt6, MT4 and MT6 | [67] |
| S. droebachiensis E. acutus | C. socialis, S. marinoi, C. furcellatus, A. longicornis, T. gravida and P. glacialis (20 and 50 μg/L) | Blocks of first mitotic division after 4 hpf with S. marinoi | Not detected | [68] |
| E. mathaei | DD (0.4–1.2), HD (0.5–1.5) and OD (0.6–1.7) | Dose-dependent malformations of sea urchin plutei | Not detected | [69] |
| P. lividus | 5-, 9-, 11-, 15-HEPE (100), DD (3.3), HD (9.0) and OD (11.0) | Impairment at blastula and pluteus stage with PUAs and HEPEs | Activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3/7 | [70] |
| P. lividus | DD (1.0–2.3), HD (2.0–6.0) and OD (2.5–8.0) | Not detected | Upregulation of MTase and p38 MAPK; downregulation of MT6, CAT Alix and SM50 | [71] |
| P. lividus | 5- and 15-HEPE (6–30) | Dose-dependent malformations of sea urchin plutei | Upregulation of hsp70, hsp56, 14-3-3ε, Blimp and MT5; downregulation of HIF1A and SM50 | [72] |
| P. lividus | DD (1.6), HD (3.0) and OD (4.5) | Not detected | Upregulation of Jun and Foxo | [73] |
| P. lividus | Mixture of 5-, 9-, 11-, 15-HEPEs (1.0–7.0) | Synergic effect of HEPEs | Downregulation of MTase, p38 MAPK and Alix | [74] |
| P. lividus | N. shiloi (1.8) and C. closterium (1.6) | Malformed plutei | Upregulation of Blimp, hsp70, hsp60, GS, cytb, 14-3-3ε, Nec, p19, jun, Blimp, Wnt6, nodal, FoxG, Foxo, OneCut, MT, CAT, MDR1; downregulation of MTase, p53, HIF1A, SM30, BMP5/7, uni, FOXA, GFI1, δ-2-catenin, VEGF and MT8 | [75] |
| P. lividus | Mixture of DD (0.5), HD (1.0) and OD (1.5) | Synergic effect of PUAs | Downregulation of cytb, caspase-8, Alix, δ-2-catenin, tcf4, GFI1, OneCut, TAK1 and MT7 | [76] |
| P. lividus | C. scutellum (1.5) and Diploneis sp. (1.6) | Malformed plutei with Diploneis sp. | Upregulation of p53, GS, Alix, Wnt5, NF-kB, ERCC3, p16, MT, CAT and MDR1; downregulation of δ-2-catenin, hsp70, hsp60, tcf4 and MT8 | [77] |
| P. lividus | Mixture of PUAs (DD 0.3, HD 0.7 and OD 1) and HEPEs (1.6) | Higher morphological effects than those detected with individual oxylipins and PUAs/HEPEs mixtures | Upregulation of ADMP2, Delta, Goosecoid, KIF19, jun and CAT; downregulation of ARF1, GS, HIF1A and sox9 | [78] |