Table 2.
Neurotrophic activity of algal phytochemicals in vitro.
| Compound | Algal Origin (If Any) | Dosage | Experimental Model (In Vivo/In Vitro) | Cellular Effects/Significant Findings | Pharmacological Markers | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sargachromenol |
Sargassum macrocarpum (Brown alga, Japan) |
ED50 9 μM (with 10 ng/mL NGF) | PC12D cells | NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth and survival | ↑PKA and MAPK1/2 ↑PI3K |
[145] |
| Sargaquinoic acid |
S. macrocarpum (Brown alga, Japan) |
3 µg/mL (with 10 ng/mL NGF) | Cell differentiation | Protein Kinase A and MAP Kinases-Mediated Signaling Pathways | [146] | |
| Vitamin B12 (chlorophyll-related analog to pheophytin) |
Sargassum fulvellum (Brown alga, Japan) |
PC12 cells | Cell differentiation | MAPK signal transduction pathway | [148] | |
| Pheophytin A |
S. fulvellum (Brown alga, Japan) |
3.9 µg/mL | PC12 cells | NGF-independent neurite outgrowth | ↑PKA and MAPK1/2 ↑PI3K |
[147] |
| Dimethylsulfoniopropionate | - | 7.4 mM | Neuronal N2a and glial OLN-93 cells | Process outgrowth; microtubule reorganization and bundling |
↑α-tubulin acetylation | [149] |
| Fucoxanthin | - | 0.1–2 μM | PC-12 cells | NGF-independent neurite outgrowth | n.d. | [136] |
n.d.: not defined; -: information not available.