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Mechanism of action of NKAα4. The Na+ gradient created by NKAα4 is used by secondary transport mechanisms (NHE and NCX) to maintain appropriate sperm cytosolic H+ and Ca2+ levels. Also, NKAα4, along with K+ channels, contributes to sperm membrane potential (Vm). By supporting these important cell parameters, NKAα4 controls sperm function and fertility. Solid lines show direct functional association; dotted lines represent the possibility of indirect effects and additional pathways.
