Figure 4.

PCLS applications and approaches: current strategies and future opportunities for disease modeling and drug discovery. PCLS may be of value for a variety of (pre)clinical applications, including identification of novel pathomechanisms and targets using novel methodologies and imaging techniques, testing of novel drug delivery options (e.g., nanoparticles and vesicles), discovery and validation of novel drugs and compounds, and assessment of individual side effects and treatment responses. PD = pharmacodynamic; PK = pharmacokinetic.