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. 2020 Jun 17;20(3):2141–2147. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.8893

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Copyright: © Liu et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Effects of PPD on VCAM-1 and α-SMA levels in DMCM rats. (A) PPD reduced the levels of VCAM-1. VCAM-1 levels were increased in each DMCM group. VCAM-1 levels were partially increased in the PPD/LY294002 and PPD/LiCl groups. (B) Effects of PPD on α-SMA in DMCM rats. PPD reduced the levels of α-SMA. α-SMA levels were increased in each DMCM group and were partially increased in the PPD/LY294002 and PPD/LiCl groups. The values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, n=10. ^**P<0.01 vs. the Normal group; ^##P<0.01 vs. the DMCM group; ^$P<0.05 and ^$$P<0.01 vs. the PPD group. PPD, 25-OH-PPD; VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule 1; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; DMCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor.