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Effects of PPD on TGF-β1 and CTGF levels. PPD reduced the expression levels of TGF-β1 and CTGF in the heart tissues of diabetic rats. The values are presented as mean ± SD, n=10. **P<0.01 vs. the Normal group; ##P<0.01 vs. the DMCM group; $$P<0.01 vs. the PPD group. PPD, 25-OH-PPD; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; DMCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy.
