Table 3.
Selection methods of detection and service dogs.
| Characteristics | Description (According to Authors) | Method | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-Barq | SDTC | IFT | M-B Scale | GDTP | ||
| Drive | ||||||
| Causal reasoning | Use of visual and auditory cues to infer the location of hidden reward | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Commitment to toy | Tendency to engage game with its handler (new toys or familiar toys) | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ||
| Retrieval inhibition | Ability to inhibit prepotent motor response in object retrieval task | ∆ | ||||
| Energy level | Show enthusiasm and be always ready to play | ∆ | ||||
| Excitation | Before a walk or when owner/visitor is coming home | ∆ | ||||
| Gaze direction | Ability to use human gaze direction to locate hidden reward | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Hiding-finding | Object permanence | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Hunting behaviour | Tendency to track its prey directly or after a turnaround of 360° | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ||
| Odour control trials | Control trials ruling out ability to locate hidden food using olfaction | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Perspective-taking | Tendency to obey/disobey a command depending on whether a human is watching | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Play with stranger | Tendency to play with familiar toy and stranger | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Reaching | Ability to infer reward location based on experimenter’s reaching towards baited location | ∆ | ||||
| Retrieval | Tendency to retrieve object and return it to in front of experimenter | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ||
| Reward preference | Preference for food or toy reward | ∆ | ||||
| Rotation | Egocentric vs. allocentric use of spatial cues | ∆ | ||||
| Social referencing | Tendency to look at human face when joint social activity is interrupted | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Spatial transpositions | Ability to track location of hidden reward across spatial transformations | ∆ | ||||
| Visual discrimination | Ability to learn arbitrary visual discrimination prediction reward location | ∆ | ||||
| Nerve strength | ||||||
| Affect discrimination | Preference to approach unfamiliar human | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ |
| Confidence on rough surface | Ability to stay confident on rough surface | ∆ | ||||
| Confined space | Ability to come from a confined space and enter a lighted area and dark area | ∆ | ||||
| Fearfulness | Shaking/salivating/agitation/loss of appetite when they are left on its own | ∆ | ||||
| Laterality: first step | Forelimb preference when initiating a step off a platform | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ||
| Sociability towards other canines | Preference to approach unfamiliar canine | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ||
| Sound sensitivity | Ability to stay confident when confronted to several sounds | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | ∆ | |
| Stability | Ability to stay confident and stable on unstable surface | ∆ | ||||
| Surface sensitivity | Ability to travel across a slick surface | ∆ | ||||
| Threating situation | With stranger, unfamiliar dog or object | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Touch anxious | Tendency to stay calm when manipulated by human | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Visual sensitivity | Ability to stay relaxed and confident in an area full of smoke | ∆ | ∆ | |||
| Trainability | ||||||
| Arm pointing | Ability to use human arm pointing to find a hidden reward | ∆ | ||||
| Detour navigation | Navigation of shortest route around an obstacle | ∆ | ||||
| Inferential reasoning | Ability to infer the location of hidden reward through the principle of exclusion | ∆ | ||||
| Marker cue | Ability to infer location of hidden reward when human uses a novel communicative marker | ∆ | ||||
| Memory-distraction | Memory for location of reward across delays while dog’s attention is discarded | ∆ | ||||
| Odour discrimination | Discrimination and memory for which of two locations is baited using olfaction | ∆ | ||||
| Response to command | Ability to sit/stay | ∆ | ||||
| Spatial perseverations | Ability to inhibit previously established motor pattern when environment changes | ∆ | ||||
| Working memory | Memory for location of reward across temporal delays | ∆ | ||||
| Personality | ||||||
| Attachment | Sign of attention to the owner | ∆ | ||||
| Begging for food | When people are eating | ∆ | ||||
| Contagious yawing | Tendency to yawn during auditory exposure to human yawning vs. control sounds | ∆ | ||||
| Dynamism | Hyperactive or restless | ∆ | ||||
| Escapes | Take each opportunity to escape | ∆ | ||||
| Olfactory interest | Rolls when facing smelly substance | ∆ | ||||
| Owner direct aggression | Tendency to be aggressive with owners during daily tasks (batch, eating, game…) | ∆ | ||||
| Steal behaviour | Steal food | ∆ | ||||
| Unsolvable task | Help seeking from human vs. independent behaviour when facing unsolvable task | ∆ | ||||
| Morphological | ||||||
| Physical exam | Examination of the body tension | ∆ | ||||
| Others | ||||||
| Barks | To alarm or when excited | ∆ | ||||
| Coprophagy | Eat its own faeces or of another animal | ∆ | ||||
| Licking | Itself or people or object | ∆ | ||||
| Pull on leash | During walk | ∆ | ||||
| Sensory bias | Prioritization of visual vs. olfactory information when senses pitted against one another | ∆ | ||||
| Transparent obstacle | Ability to inhibit direct approach to experimenter when a detour is required | ∆ | ||||
| Urinates | During night, when owner approaches, on object | ∆ | ||||
∆ indicates that the method takes the characteristic into account; C-Barq (Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire; survey), IFT (In For Training; tests), SDTC (tests developed by the Swedish Dog Training Center), M-B scale (tests developed by Brownell and Marsolais 2000) and GDTP (tests developed by the Guide Dog Training Program) M-B scale is the only test having been performed on detection dogs [21,65,69,80,81].