. 2020 Jul 7;10(7):1152. doi: 10.3390/ani10071152

Table 3.

Effects of paper mulberry silage on the blood parameters of dairy cows.

Item ¹	Period	Treatment ²			SEM	p-Values
Item ¹	Period	CON	PM1	PM2	SEM	Treatment	Time	Treatment × Time
Energy metabolism
GLU, mmol/L	І	3.3	3.3	3.4	0.4	0.67	0.35	0.90
GLU, mmol/L	ІІ	2.8	2.9	2.8	0.3	0.74	0.94	0.03
Insulin, mIU/mL	І	17.5	20.4	20.1	5.7	0.45	0.34	0.35
Insulin, mIU/mL	ІІ	17.6	18.4	20.4	4.7	0.50	0.78	0.79
Glucagon, pg/mL	І	151.2	151.3	153.0	26.6	0.96	0.49	0.40
Glucagon, pg/mL	ІІ	182.4	174.0	172.4	23.1	0.63	0.30	0.88
BHBA, mmol/L	І	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.2	0.23	0.24	0.54
BHBA, mmol/L	ІІ	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.2	0.11	0.68	0.08
TG, mmol/L	І	0.3	0.3	0.3	<0.1	0.73	0.13	0.14
TG, mmol/L	ІІ	0.3	0.3	0.3	<0.1	0.97	0.23	0.25
Liver function
GPT, U/L	І	27.8 ^a	25.9 ^a	20.0 ^b	3.4	<0.01	0.18	<0.01
GPT, U/L	ІІ	26.3	25.9	27.3	3.4	0.71	0.56	0.10
AST, U/L	І	73.8	80.1	70.3	13.4	0.32	0.85	0.99
AST, U/L	ІІ	91.0 ^a	81.8 ^a,b	70.4 ^b	12.5	0.01	0.98	1.00
ALP, U/L	І	47.7	49.1	48.7	6.9	0.95	0.43	0.15
ALP, U/L	ІІ	53.1	59.4	55.8	10.2	0.55	0.98	0.82
TP, g/L	І	65.3 ^b	62.6 ^b	70.6 ^a	4.2	<0.01	0.96	0.39
TP, g/L	ІІ	67.1	67.3	73.4	6.7	0.08	0.83	0.85
ALB, g/L	І	33.8	33.2	33.8	2.3	0.80	0.76	0.31
ALB, g/L	ІІ	33.9	35.8	34.7	1.8	0.08	0.84	0.68
GLB, g/L	І	30.4 ^b	31.0 ^b	35.3 ^a	4.5	0.05	0.37	0.32
GLB, g/L	ІІ	33.2	31.5	34.4	5.3	0.54	0.98	0.91
Oxidative stress
T-AOC, U/mL	І	24.9 ^b	29.2 ^a	29.8 ^a	2.0	<0.01	0.15	0.93
T-AOC, U/mL	ІІ	22.4 ^b	25.3 ^a	25.9 ^a	2.3	0.01	0.07	0.19
MDA, nmol/mL	І	5.1	5.6	4.7	2.3	0.75	0.38	0.24
MDA, nmol/mL	ІІ	5.1 ^a	4.4 ^a,b	4.0 ^b	0.6	0.02	0.21	0.92
SOD, U/mL	І	50.5 ^b	50.8 ^b	53.8 ^a	2.1	<0.01	0.15	0.85
SOD, U/mL	ІІ	54.0 ^b	54.7 ^b	57.0 ^a	2.1	<0.01	0.96	0.67
GSH-Px, U/mL	І	317.1	328.5	316.8	52.1	0.86	0.01	0.63
GSH-Px, U/mL	ІІ	329.3	313.3	332.3	34.2	0.71	0.19	0.28
Immunity parameters
IgA, μg/mL	І	240.4	260.6	260.8	28.0	0.43	0.59	0.02
IgA, μg/mL	ІІ	241.8 ^b	227.3 ^b	296.5 ^a	48.1	0.03	0.90	0.41
IgG, mg/mL	І	8.2	7.5	9.0	1.0	0.06	0.53	0.01
IgG, mg/mL	ІІ	8.1 ^b	7.8 ^b	10.1 ^a	1.4	0.01	0.41	0.17
IgM, mg/mL	І	2.3 ^b	2.4 ^b	2.9 ^a	0.3	0.01	0.01	0.02
IgM, mg/mL	ІІ	2.5 ^b	2.8 ^b	3.3 ^a	0.5	0.03	<0.01	0.75
TNF-α, ng/L	І	531.8	508.4	515.9	52.4	0.63	0.33	0.38
TNF-α, ng/L	ІІ	545.4 ^a,b	515.2 ^b	593.4 ^a	47.9	0.04	0.09	0.11

^a,b Least squares means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05). ¹ GLU: glucose; BHBA: β-hydroxybutyric acid; TG: triglyceride; GPT: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; TP: total protein; ALB: albumin; GLB: globulin; T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity; MDA: malonaldehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; IgA: immune globulin A; IgG: immune globulin G; IgM: immune globulin M; and TNF-α: anti-tumor necrosis factor -α. ² The CON group had non-PM silage diets during period I and period II; the PM1 group had 4.5 and 13.5% PM silage diets during period I and period II, respectively; and the PM2 group had 9 and 18% PM silage diets during period I and period II, respectively.