Table 2.
Behavioral Definitions. Definitions follow those of prior research [20]. Behaviors were coded as duration (D) or frequency (F).
| Code | Behavior | Behavioral Definition |
|---|---|---|
| EX | Exploration (D) | Motor activity directed toward physical aspects of the environment, including sniffing, and gentle oral examination, such as licking |
| LO | Locomotion (D) | Walking or running around without exploring the environment |
| OB | Oral behavior (D) | Any vigorous behavior directed toward the environment/cage using the mouth (including chewing, biting, shaking, pulling with the mouth) |
| SC | Scratching (D) | All active behaviors resulting in physical contact with the cage/door, including scratching the cage/door with the paws, jumping on the cage/door, handling with the forelimbs |
| OE | Oriented to the environment (D) | Sitting, standing, or lying down (the head does not rest on the ground) with obvious orientation toward the physical or social environment, including sniffing, close visual inspection, distant visual inspection (vigilance or scanning) |
| PA | Passive behavior (D) | Lying down with the head on the ground without any obvious orientation toward the physical or social environment |
| PT | Panting (D) | Panting |
| WH | Whining (D) | Whining |
| BA | Barking (D) | Barking |
| CI | Circling (D) | Movement of the dog in circles |
| PL | Play (D) | Any vigorous or galloping gaited behavior directed towards a toy; including chewing, biting, shaking from side to side, scratching or batting with the paw, chasing rolling balls, and tossing using the mouth. Although the dog may take the objects into its mouth, destruction is not included in this category |
| GR | Grooming (D) | Action of cleaning the body surface by licking, nibbling, picking, rubbing, scratching, et cetera, directed toward the animal’s body |
| ‘ | Ears back (D) | Ears flattened and back |
| HO | Howling (D) | Howling |
| TR | Trembling (D) | Trembling/shaking movements of the body or head |
| PU | Paw up (D) | Front limb raised |
| LL | Lip licking (F) | Part of tongue is shown and moved along the upper lip |
| YA | Yawning (F) | Yawning |
| EL | Elimination (F) | Defecation or urination in sitting or standing position |