Table 1.
Effects of n-3 long-chain PUFAs on performance parameters of sows and their piglets.
| Reference | Oil Source | Time of Feeding | Litter Size | Litter Weight | Piglet Weight Gain | Piglet Mortality | Sow Performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosero et al. [4] | LO (different LA and ALA ratios) | Lactation | No effect | No effect | Increased | No effect | Improved WOI, heating %, and farrow % |
| De Quelen et al. [19] | LO 15 and 55 g/kg feed | Gestation and lactation | No effect | No effect | No effect | No effect | No effect |
| Rooke et al. [32] | FO (salmon) 1.65 g/kg feed | Gestation and lactation | No effect | Reduced individual weight | Increased | Decreased | |
| Webel et al. [33] | MA 85 g/sow/d | Five days prior parturition to breeding | Increased subs. litter size | - | - | - | No effect |
| Spencer et al. [34] | MA 85 g/sow/d | 30 days prior breeding to farrow | Increased litter size | Reduced individual weight | - | - | - |
| Smits et al. [35] | FO 0.33 g/kg feed | Lactation | Increased subs. litter size | - | No effect | No effect | Improved WOI and farrow % |
| Smit et al. [37] | MA 84 g/sow/d | 60th day of gestation to weaning | No effect | No effect | No effect | Increased | No effect, larger CL |
| Posser et al. [38] | MA 3.5, 7, 14, 28 g/sow/d | 85th day of gestation to breeding | No effect | Improved at the highest dose | No effect | - | No effect |
| Rooke et al. [39] | FO (Salmon) 5, 10, 20 g/kg feed | 60th day of gestation to farrow | Reduced as FO dose increased | No effect | - | No effect | - |
| Smit et al. [40] | MA 5 g/kg feed | Weaning to weaning | Reduced | No effect | No effect | - | - |
| Rooke et al. [41] | FO (Tuna)17.5 g/kg feed | 63rd to 91st day of pregnancy | No effect | No effect | Increased | No effect | - |
| Matteo et al. [42] | FO 2 g/kg feed | 60 days before parturition to weaning | Increased subs. litter size | Increased in subs. farrow | Increased | No effect | No effect |
| Lauridsen and Jensen [44] | FO 80 g/kg feed | One week prior to farrow and lactation | - | - | No effect | - | - |
| Papadopoulos et al. [45] | FO 20 g/kg feed | Eight days before farrow to weaning | - | - | No effect | No effect | - |
| McDermott et al. [46] | FO (Salmon) 1% of feed | Gestation and lactation | No effect | Decreased | No effect | Increased | First par. impaired Second par. improved |
| Luo et al. [47] | FO 70 g/kg feed | Lactation | - | No effect | Increased | - | - |
| Lavery et al. [49] | FO 1.8 and 6% | 105th day of gestation to weaning | - | No effect | Increased | Decreased | - |
| Farmer et al. [50] | FSM and FSO 100 g/kg feed | 63rd day of gestation to weaning | - | No effect | No effect | Decreased | No effect |
| Leonard et al. [54] | SWE 10 g/sow/d + FO 100 g/sow/d | 109th day of gestation to weaning | - | - | No effect | - | - |
| Eastwood et al. [55] | FSM and FSO, FO | 80th day of gestation to weaning | - | No effect | Increased | No effect | - |
| Gunnarsson et al. [56] | LO 10 g/kg feed | Weaning to weaning | No effect | No effect | - | - | - |
| Smits et al. [57] | FO 3 and 10 g/kg feed | 6 weeks before and 25 days after breeding | No effect | - | - | - | Increased embryo survival |
FO = Fish oil; MA = Marine algae; LO = Linseed oil; WOI = Weaning-to-oestrus interval; CL = Corpus luteum; LA = linoleic acid; ALA = alpha-linolenic acid; FSM = Flaxseed meal; FSO = Flaxseed oil; SWE = Seaweed extract.