Table 4.

Effect of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition on intracellular ROS levels of cerebral endothelial cells during hyperglycemic condition.

Cell Conditions	Intracellular ROS Levels (% of Control)
	Vehicle	NFκB Inhibition	AMPK Inhibition
Normoglycemic condition	100 ± 2.12	80.38 ± 2.92 *	137.89 ± 3.19 ***
Hyperglycemic condition	127.75 ± 2.66 ***	80.28 ± 3.21 ###	142.16 ± 2.88 ##

Cells were preconditioned with NFκB and AMPK inhibitors (10 µM), for 1 h before the exposition to DCFH-DA probe for 45 min. Subsequently, the cells were co-exposed to the inhibitors (10 µM) and 5.5 mM or 33 mM of glucose to mimic normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, respectively. Intracellular ROS levels were measured by DCFH-DA assay. The data are means ± SEM of three independent experiments. *: p < 0.05 and ***: p < 0.005 as compared to normoglycemic condition. ##: p < 0.01 and ###: p < 0.005 as compared to hyperglycemic condition.