Table 2.
The content of polyphenols in rye bread [mg/100 g d.s.].
| Compounds | Bread Sample | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BR1 | BR2 | BR3 | BR4 | BR5 | BR6 | ||||
| Anthocyanins | cyanidin- -3-O-galactoside |
ND | FP | 18.7 ± 0.2m 1 | 38.3 ± 0.3l | 88.2 ± 0.8i | 135 ± 1g | 195 ± 1f | 281 ± 2c |
| FPM | 60.8 ± 0.5k | 69.9 ± 0.6j | 107 ± 1h | 130 ± 1g | 230 ± 2d | 322 ± 2a | |||
| FPI | 65.9 ± 0.6j | 75.8 ± 0.7i | 108 ± 1h | 136 ± 1g | 213 ± 1e | 298 ± 2b | |||
| cyanidin- -3-O-glucoside |
ND | FP | 2.5 ± 0.1j | 6.8 ± 0.1i | 8.7 ± 0.1g | 18.1 ± 0.2c | 30.0 ± 0.3b | 41.8 ± 0.4a | |
| FPM | 6.2 ± 0.1i | 7.1 ± 0.1h | 10.3 ± 0.1f | 11.0 ± 0.1e | 12.2 ± 0.1e | 14.6 ± 0.1d | |||
| FPI | 6.4 ± 0.1i | 7.4 ± 0.1h | 8.8 ± 0.1g | 10.9 ± 0.1e | 11.7 ± 0.1e | 14.0 ± 0.1d | |||
| cyanidin- -3-O-arabinoside |
ND | FP | ND | 2.3 ± 0.1g | 3.6 ± 0.1f | 5.5 ± 0.1c | 7.5 ± 0.1b | 11.1 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 3.2 ± 0.1f | 3.6 ± 0.1f | 4.1 ± 0.1e | 4.2 ± 0.1e | 5.0 ± 0.1d | 6.0 ± 0.1c | |||
| FPI | 3.4 ± 0.1f | 3.9 ± 0.1f | 4.2 ± 0.1e | 4.4 ± 0.1e | 4.7 ± 0.1e | 5.6 ± 0.1c | |||
| cyanidin- -3-O-xyloside |
ND | FP | ND | ND | 4.1 ± 0.1e | 5.0 ± 0.1c | 7.2 ± 0.1b | 10.1 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 3.3 ± 0.1g | 3.8 ± 0.1f | 4.1 ± 0.e1 | 4.6 ± 0.1d | 4.4 ± 0.1d | 5.2 ± 0.1c | |||
| FPI | 3.1 ± 0.1g | 3.6 ± 0.1f | 3.7 ± 0.1f | 3.6 ± 0.1f | 4.5 ± 0.1d | 5.4 ± 0.1c | |||
| SUM | ND | FP | 21.2 ± 0.9n | 47.4 ± 1.8m | 104 ± 4i | 163 ± 6f | 240 ± 9e | 344 ± 13b | |
| FPM | 73.5 ± 2.8l | 84.5 ± 3.3k | 125 ± 5h | 150 ± 6g | 252 ± 11d | 348 ± 15a | |||
| FPI | 78.8 ± 3.1l | 90.6 ± 3.5j | 124 ± 5h | 155 ± 6g | 234 ± 10e | 323 ± 14c | |||
| Flavan-3-ols | B-type procyjanidin dimer |
10.1 ± 0.1o | FP | 11.0 ± 0.2n | 11.5 ± 0.2m | 30.2 ± 0.6g | 37.1 ± 0.7f | 36.3 ± 0.7f | 38.8 ± 0.8e |
| FPM | 20.6 ± 0.4k | 23.7 ± 0.5j | 39.4 ± 0.8e | 49.6 ± 1.0d | 55.5 ± 1.1c | 66.6 ± 1.3a | |||
| FPI | 19.1 ± 0.4l | 22.0 ± 0.4j | 27.7 ± 0.6i | 29.6 ± 0.6g | 49.9 ± 1.0d | 59.9 ± 1.2b | |||
| Epigallocatechin x | 12.3 ± 0.1k | FP | 25.1 ± 0.5j | 32.2 ± 0.6g | 37.6 ± 0.8e | 39.9 ± 0.8d | 43.4 ± 0.9c | 44.9 ± 0.9b | |
| FPM | 23.7 ± 0.5j | 27.2 ± 0.5i | 39.5 ± 0.8d | 46.6 ± 0.9b | 43.8 ± 0.9c | 54.5 ± 1.1a | |||
| FPI | 30.4 ± 0.6h | 36.2 ± 0.7f | 44.6 ± 0.9b | 44.4 ± 0.9b | 45.1 ± 0.9b | 55.8 ± 1.1a | |||
| B-type procyjanidin dimer |
16.0 ± 0.2o | FP | 31.8 ± 0.6g | 30.6 ± 0.6g | 41.7 ± 0.8d | 49.7 ± 1.0c | 55.8 ± 1.1b | 53.8 ± 1.1a | |
| FPM | 14.9 ± 0.3n | 17.1 ± 0.3m | 29.5 ± 0.6h | 29.7 ± 0.6h | 31.4 ± 0.6g | 35.7 ± 0.7e | |||
| FPI | 21.2 ± 0.4l | 23.2 ± 0.5k | 26.5 ± 0.5j | 28.0 ± 0.6i | 29.3 ± 0.6h | 33.6 ± 0.7f | |||
| (+)-Catechin | 4.0 ± 0.1m | FP | 12.0 ± 0.2l | 31.4 ± 0.6h | 36.1 ± 0.7f | 48.5 ± 1.0d | 52.9 ± 1.1c | 59.3 ± 1.2b | |
| FPM | 17.3 ± 0.3k | 19.9 ± 0.4j | 37.1 ± 0.7f | 42.0 ± 0.8e | 48.6 ± 1.0d | 58.3 ± 1.2b | |||
| FPI | 19.8 ± 0.4j | 22.8 ± 0.5i | 34.2 ± 0.7g | 42.7 ± 0.9e | 52.8 ± 1.1c | 63.3 ± 1.3a | |||
| (−)-Epicatechin | 9.4 ± 0.3k | FP | 11.3 ± 0.2j | 14.7 ± 0.3h | 15.3 ± 0.3g | 19.9 ± 0.4d | 21.5 ± 0.4c | 28.0 ± 0.6a | |
| FPM | 13.9 ± 0.3i | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 18.4 ± 0.4e | 18.1 ± 0.4e | 24.8 ± 0.5b | 27.8 ± 0.6a | |||
| FPI | 13.3 ± 0.3i | 15.3 ± 0.3 | 17.7 ± 0.4f | 18.3 ± 0.4e | 16.4 ± 0.3 | 19.7 ± 0.4d | |||
| SUM | 51.8 ± 1.0n | FP | 91.3 ± 9.6m | 120 ± 10k | 161 ± 10i | 195 ± 12f | 210 ± 14d | 225 ± 12c | |
| FPM | 90.3 ± 4.1m | 104 ± 5l | 164 ± 9h | 186 ± 13g | 204 ± 13e | 243 ± 16a | |||
| FPI | 104 ± 6l | 120 ± 8k | 151 ± 10j | 163 ± 11h | 194 ± 15f | 232 ± 19b | |||
| Phenolic acids | protokatechumic acid | 0.9 ± 0.1j | FP | 3.1 ± 0.1h | 4.9 ± 0.1g | 6.2 ± 0.1e | 8.3 ± 0.1c | 9.5 ± 0.1b | 10.5 ± 0.1a |
| FPM | 0.9 ± 0.1j | 1.1 ± 0.1i | 4.8 ± 0.0g | 0.7 ± 0.0j | 1.0 ± 0.1i | 1.2 ± 0.1i | |||
| FPI | 6.9 ± 0.1e | 7.9 ± 0.1c | 5.8 ± 0.1f | 5.5 ± 0.1f | 5.6 ± 0.1f | 6.8 ± 0.1d | |||
| vanilic acid | 2.5 ± 0.1d | FP | 3.5 ± 0.1b | 3.3 ± 0.1b | 3.6 ± 0.1a | 3.8 ± 0.1a | 3.3 ± 0.1b | 3.6 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 2.0 ± 0.1d | 2.3 ± 0.1d | 2.1 ± 0.0d | 2.0 ± 0.0d | 2.1 ± 0.1d | 2.5 ± 0.1c | |||
| FPI | 1.9 ± 0.1d | 2.1 ± 0.1d | 2.3 ± 0.1d | 2.3 ± 0.1d | 2.3 ± 0.1d | 2.7 ± 0.1c | |||
| caffeic acid | 0.9 ± 0.1g | FP | 3.1 ± 0.1f | 3.5 ± 0.1f | 4.2 ± 0.1e | 4.6 ± 0.1e | 5.2 ± 0.1d | 5.7 ± 0.1d | |
| FPM | 3.1 ± 0.1f | 3.6 ± 0.1f | 7.3 ± 0.1b | 7.3 ± 0.1b | 6.9 ± 0.1c | 8.3 ± 0.1a | |||
| FPI | 5.1 ± 0.1d | 5.9 ± 0.1d | 7.2 ± 0.1b | 7.3 ± 0.1b | 7.2 ± 0.1b | 8.6 ± 0.1a | |||
| 3-O- -caffequinic acid |
0.2 ± 0.1m | FP | 60.1 ± 1.0g | 72.2 ± 1.0g | 86.6 ± 1.1e | 103 ± 1d | 106 ± 1c | 110 ± 1a | |
| FPM | 72.7 ± 0.7l | 83.6 ± 0.8k | 103 ± 1i | 109 ± 1g | 116 ± 0e | 140 ± 3b | |||
| FPI | 89.1 ± 0.8j | 102 ± 1i | 106 ± 1h | 110 ± 0g | 114 ± 0f | 137 ± 1c | |||
| ferulic acid | 5.0 ± 0.1b | FP | 5.2 ± 0.1b | 5.2 ± 0.1b | 5.7 ± 0.1b | 6.1 ± 0.1a | 5.4 ± 0.1.0b | 5.9 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 3.1 ± 0.1f | 3.6 ± 0.1d | 3.6 ± 0.0d | 3.5 ± 0.0e | 3.7 ± 0.1d | 4.4 ± 0.1c | |||
| FPI | 3.1 ± 0.1f | 3.4 ± 0.1e | 3.4 ± 0.1e | 3.5 ± 0.1e | 3.3 ± 0.1e | 3.9 ± 0.1d | |||
| 5-O- -caffequinic acid |
0.4 ± 0.1 | FP | 43.3 ± 0.4k | 49.5 ± 0.4j | 76.6 ± 0.7g | 102 ± 1e | 115 ± 1c | 127 ± 1b | |
| FPM | 58.4 ± 0.5i | 67.2 ± 0.6h | 102 ± 1e | 104 ± 1e | 115 ± 1c | 138 ± 1a | |||
| FPI | 75.2 ± 0.7g | 86.5 ± 0.8f | 104 ± 1e | 107 ± 1d | 113 ± 1c | 136 ± 1a | |||
| 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid | 0.8 ± 0.1h | FP | 3.4 ± 0.1g | 4.0 ± 0.1g | 6.6 ± 0.1g | 17.3 ± 0.2e | 39.2 ± 0.4b | 43.2 ± 0.4a | |
| FPM | 15.4 ± 0.1f | 17.7 ± 0.2e | 23.0 ± 0.2d | 23.2 ± 0.2d | 23.6 ± 0.2d | 28.3 ± 0.3c | |||
| FPI | 17.4 ± 0.2e | 20.0 ± 0.2d | 21.6 ± 0.2d | 23.5 ± 0.2d | 25.2 ± 0.2d | 30.2 ± 0.3c | |||
| 4-O- -caffequinic acid |
0.2 ± 0.1j | FP | 2.2 ± 0.1i | 4.9 ± 0.1g | 7.3 ± 0.1e | 12.1 ± 0.1b | 14.1 ± 0.1a | 15.4 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 3.5 ± 0.1i | 4.0 ± 0.1g | 5.8 ± 0.1f | 7.2 ± 0.1e | 8.3 ± 0.1d | 10.0 ± 0.1c | |||
| FPI | 3.3 ± 0.1i | 3.8 ± 0.1h | 7.7 ± 0.1e | 8.1 ± 0.1d | 8.4 ± 0.1d | 10.1 ± 0.1c | |||
| SUM | 10.9 ± 0.2l | FP | 124 ± 2o | 148 ± 3n | 197 ± 4k | 259 ± 5g | 298 ± 6c | 322 ± 6b | |
| FPM | 159 ± 3m | 183 ± 4l | 253 ± 5h | 257 ± 5g | 277 ± 6e | 333 ± 7a | |||
| FPI | 202 ± 4j | 232 ± 5i | 259 ± 5g | 268 ± 5f | 280 ± 6d | 336 ± 7a | |||
| Flavonols | Kaempferol-3-O-galactoside | 3.1 ± 0.1j | FP | 3.3 ± 0.1j | 7.3 ± 0.1h | 12.6 ± 0.3f | 21.5 ± 0.4c | 26.3 ± 0.5b | 31.5 ± 0.6a |
| FPM | 6.5 ± 0.1i | 7.4 ± 0.1h | 10.9 ± 0.2g | 14.0 ± 0.3f | 16.3 ± 0.3e | 19.2 ± 0.4d | |||
| FPI | 7.5 ± 0.1h | 8.4 ± 0.2h | 10.3 ± 0.2g | 13.3 ± 0.3f | 13.9 ± 0.3f | 16.7 ± 0.3e | |||
| Quercetin-3-O-arabinoglucoside | 4.2 ± 0.1j | FP | 1.8 ± 0.1f | 2.3 ± 0.1e | 2.6 ± 0.1d | 2.9 ± 0.1d | 3.6 ± 0.1b | 4.0 ± 0.0a | |
| FPM | 2.5 ± 0.1e | 2.9 ± 0.1d | 3.4 ± 0.1c | 3.4 ± 0.1c | 3.7 ± 0.1b | 4.2 ± 0.1a | |||
| FPI | 2.5 ± 0.1e | 2.9 ± 0.1d | 3.3 ± 0.1c | 3.3 ± 0.1c | 3.7 ± 0.1b | 4.1 ± 0.0a | |||
| Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | 32.0 ± 0.3g | FP | 34.0 ± 0.7f | 36.0 ± 0.7e | 37.9 ± 0.8d | 42.6 ± 0.9c | 48.1 ± 1.1b | 51.0 ± 1.1b | |
| FPM | 34.3 ± 0.7f | 39.1 ± 0.8d | 40.8 ± 0.8c | 48.1 ± 1.0b | 49.0 ± 1.0b | 53.0 ± 1.1a | |||
| FPI | 33.5 ± 0.7f | 35.3 ± 0.7e | 37.1 ± 0.7d | 41.8 ± 0.8c | 41.9 ± 0.8c | 50.3 ± 1.0b | |||
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 3.1 ± 0.1h | FP | 3.3 ± 0.1g | 7.3 ± 0.1f | 10.6 ± 0.1d | 11.5 ± 0.1c | 12.3 ± 0.1b | 15.2 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 6.0 ± 0.1e | 7.1 ± 0.1d | 9.7 ± 0.1b | 9.4 ± 0.1c | 12.2 ± 0.1a | 13.6 ± 0.1a | |||
| FPI | 6.0 ± 0.1e | 6.9 ± 0.1d | 9.5 ± 0.1c | 11.8 ± 0.1a | 12.0 ± 0.1a | 13.4 ± 0.1a | |||
| Quercetin-3-O-robinobioside | 1.1 ± 0.1j | FP | 2.5 ± 0.1i | 3.5 ± 0.1g | 3.7 ± 0.1g | 8.1 ± 0.1d | 10.0 ± 0.1b | 11.3 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 3.1 ± 0.1h | 3.6 ± 0.1g | 6.1 ± 0.1f | 6.1 ± 0.1f | 8.4 ± 0.1d | 9.4 ± 0.1c | |||
| FPI | 3.0 ± 0.1h | 3.5 ± 0.1g | 6.1 ± 0.1f | 5.9 ± 0.1f | 7.4 ± 0.1e | 8.3 ± 0.1d | |||
| Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 4.2 ± 0.1h | FP | 16.3 ± 0.1i | 23.8 ± 0.2h | 29.1 ± 0.3g | 41.4 ± 0.4e | 50.7 ± 0.5b | 54.6 ± 0.6a | |
| FPM | 29.7 ± 0.3g | 34.1 ± 0.3f | 34.3 ± 0.3f | 41.6 ± 0.4e | 50.8 ± 0.5d | 56.8 ± 0.5c | |||
| FPI | 31.0 ± 0.3f | 35.6 ± 0.3f | 34.4 ± 0.3f | 51.7 ± 0.5d | 59.9 ± 0.5b | 67.1 ± 0.6a | |||
| Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | ND | FP | 4.1 ± 0.1j | 4.7 ± 0.1i | 6.1 ± 0.1g | 7.0 ± 0.1e | 7.8 ± 0.1d | 8.9 ± 0.1b | |
| FPM | 3.6 ± 0.1k | 4.1 ± 0.1j | 5.5 ± 0.1h | 6.7 ± 0.1f | 7.6 ± 0.1d | 8.6 ± 0.1b | |||
| FPI | 4.1 ± 0.1j | 4.7 ± 0.1i | 6.6 ± 0.1f | 7.9 ± 0.1d | 8.1 ± 0.1c | 9.1 ± 0.1a | |||
| Quercetin-3-O-arabinoside | 1.8 ± 0.01g | FP | 1.7 ± 0.01g | 2.2 ± 0.01f | 3.4 ± 0.1d | 3.8 ± 0.1c | 4.3 ± 0.1b | 5.6 ± 0.1a | |
| FPM | 1.9 ± 0.01g | 2.1 ± 0.01f | 2.2 ± 0.01f | 2.6 ± 0.1e | 2.7 ± 0.1e | 2.9 ± 0.1e | |||
| FPI | 1.8 ± 0.01g | 1.9 ± 0.01g | 2.0 ± 0.01f | 2.3 ± 0.1f | 2.3 ± 0.1f | 2.8 ± 0.1e | |||
| Quercetin-3-O-xyloside | ND | FP | 2.4 ± 0.1i | 3.8 ± 0.1h | 4.6 ± 0.1f | 5.5 ± 0.1d | 6.8 ± 0.1b | 7.0 ± 0.a | |
| FPM | 3.9 ± 0.1h | 4.5 ± 0.1g | 4.8 ± 0.1f | 5.2 ± 0.1e | 6.1 ± 0.1c | 6.9 ± 0.1b | |||
| FPI | 4.4 ± 0.1g | 5.1 ± 0.1e | 5.2 ± 0.1e | 5.5 ± 0.1d | 5.9 ± 0.1c | 6.6 ± 0.1b | |||
| Quercetin-deoxyhexo-hexoside | ND | FP | 0.5 ± 0.1c | 0.5 ± 0.1c | 0.6 ± 0.1b | 0.8 ± 0.1a | 0.9 ± 0.1a | 1.0 ± 0.0a | |
| FPM | 0.3 ± 0.1d | 0.3 ± 0.1d | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 0.5 ± 0.1c | 0.8 ± 0.1a | 0.9 ± 0.1a | |||
| FPI | 0.4 ± 0.1d | 0.4 ± 0.1d | 0.5 ± 0.1kc | 0.7 ± 0.1b | 0.7 ± 0.1b | 0.8 ± 0.0a | |||
| SUM | 43.5 ± 1.3o | FP | 69.9 ± 1.4n | 88.2 ± 1.8m | 106 ± 2 | 133 ± 3h | 155 ± 3e | 171 ± 3c | |
| FPM | 91.9 ± 1.8l | 105 ± 2k | 118 ± 2i | 138 ± 3g | 158 ± 3d | 176 ± 4b | |||
| FPI | 94.2 ± 1.9l | 105 ± 2k | 115 ± 2j | 144 ± 3f | 156 ± 3e | 179 ± 4a | |||
| Sum of phenols | 106 ± 3o | FP | 306 ± 14n | 404 ± 18m | 568 ± 25j | 751 ± 34f | 904 ± 43c | 1062 ± 56a | |
| FPM | 415 ± 20m | 477 ± 23l | 661 ±3 2h | 731 ± 35g | 891 ± 49d | 1100 ± 66b | |||
| FPI | 479 ± 23l | 547 ± 27k | 649 ± 32i | 730 ± 36g | 863 ± 47e | 1071 ± 62a | |||
1 Values are expressed as the mean (n = 18) ± standard deviation. Mean values bearing different letters in the same row denote statistical difference (a > b > c … etc.). ND—not detected; BC—control rye bread; BR1–BR5—breads with fruit powders (1–6%); FP—additives fruit powders; FPM—additives of encapsulated fruit powders with maltodextrin; FPI—additives of encapsulated fruit powders with inulin.