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A simplified diagram of the signaling pathway leading to heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Akt (protein kinase B); ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases); JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases); Keap-1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1); Nrf2 (nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2); PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase); ROS (reactive oxygen species); → (activation); ⊸ (inhibition). Compounds in yellow boxes are inhibitors.
