Table 1.

Sport doping risk environment.

	Micro-environment	Macro-environment
Physical	Sites of use	Trade and trafficking routes
	Secret spaces (hotel rooms, domestic spaces)	Inaccessible training camps, locations
	Training centers	International/global competition sites
Social	Team/club/group norms	Social and cultural norms and values
	Athlete Support Personnel pressure	Stigmatisation/Marginalisation
	Family pressure	Performance pressure from sponsors, media, fans
Economic	Income	Business of sport: opportunities
	Costs of use	Public investment in performance
	Employment/sponsor contracts	Performance-contingent funding
Policy	Individual testing system	WADA/National Anti-Doping Organisation policies
	Individual sanctions	UN Convention against doping
	Athlete Support Personnel sanctions	International Federations (i.e. no needle policies)
	Team policies (i.e. loss of contract if found doping)	National-level policies (i.e. Criminalisation)