Table 2.

Sport doping enabling environment via systematic doping.

	Micro-environment	Macro-environment
Physical	Labs/medical sites	Secure/safer supply
	Hygienic equipment	Inaccessible training camps, locations
	Medical supervision, advice	Centrally organized distribution
Social	Normalization of use within group, team	Social and cultural norms and values
	Omerta	Stigmatisation/Marginalisation
	Peer to peer knowledge	Internet information
Economic	Guaranteed sponsor/team/club contracts	Complicity of sponsors
	Health care costs covered	Event organizers’ passivity on testing
Policy	Team policies not enforced	Threshold testing methods
	Avoiding easy out of competition testing	(Mis)Use of therapeutic use exemptions
		In and out of competition substances