FIG. 12.
Comparisons of daily precipitation (mm day−1) over the tropical ocean from the models to the observations on the phase space. The observation is (a) the GPCP 1DD precipitation averaged on the phase space. The corresponding anomalies of the modeled precipitation relative to the GPCP are (b) for MERRA, (c) for ERAi, and (d) for GISS-E2.