Table 1. Immunological biomarkers in lupus nephritis.

*No value in the disease follow-up.

LN, lupus nephritis; ANA, anti-nuclear antibodies; anti-dsDNA, anti-double stranded DNA; anti-C1q, complement component 1q; C3, complement component 3; C4, complement component 4

Biomarkers	Prevalence in LN, %	Sensitivity/specificity, %	Clinical utility
ANA*	97.4	95–100/low specificity	Positive whatever disease activity
Anti-dsDNA	63.3	70–90/49–97.7	Correlate with the presence of LN and disease activity
Anti-C1q	Up to 97	13.33–100/39.05–97.58	Predict LN flares
C3	68–84.6	64.1–70/73–88.4	Poor clinical utility
C4	74–87.2	49–51.3/74–95.3	Poor clinical utility