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. 2020 Jul 2:eabc5343. doi: 10.1126/science.abc5343

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Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

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Fig. 4 — Four macaques (M3–M6) were rechallenged at 28 dpi (dotted line and shaded areas), and the results of the initial infection and rechallenge were compared at the same time points after the challenge and after the rechallenge. (A) Percentages of memory CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell subsets, memory B cells, plasma cells, or activated CD8⁺ T cells from peripheral blood for the challenge–rechallenge experiments. Compared with 0, 5 or 14 dpi, there was no significant differences on the percentage of naive CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells (CD4⁺/CD8⁺ Tnaïve, CD3⁺ CD4⁺/CD8⁺ CCR7⁺ CD45RA⁺), central memory CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells (CD4⁺/CD8⁺ Tcm, CD3⁺ CD4⁺/CD8⁺ CCR7⁺ CD45RA⁻), effective memory T cells (CD4⁺/CD8⁺ Tem, CD3⁺ CD4⁺/CD8⁺ CCR7^- CD45RA⁻), memory B cells (CD3⁻ CD20⁺ CD27⁺) and plasma cells (CD3⁻ CD20⁺ CD43⁺) from peripheral blood at 0, 5, 14 dpr (unpaired t-test, ns, P > 0.05). The activation of CD8⁺ T cells (CD8⁺ CD38⁺ HLA-DR⁺ or CD8⁺ CD38⁺ HLA-DR⁺ PD-1⁺) at 14 dpi were increased compared with the baseline (unpaired t-test, ^#P < 0.05, ^#^#P < 0.01), and elevated levels of CD8⁺ CD38⁺ HLA-DR⁺ T cells were also observed at 28 dpi (unpaired t-test, 0 dpi vs 0 dpr, * P < 0.05). (B) Percentages of memory CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell subsets, memory B cells, plasma cells or activated CD8⁺ T cells from lymph nodes between 5 dpi and 5 dpr. An increased percentage of CD4⁺ Tcm cells and decreased percentage of CD4⁺ Tnaïve cells and memory B cells from lymph nodes were found in the dot plots (unpaired t-test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). (C) Levels of specific IgG against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in four rechallenged monkeys. The levels of anti-viral antigen-specific IgG from each monkey were detected at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 33, and 42 dpi. Significantly increased levels of IgG were observed between the primary and second challenges (unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01, 14 dpi vs. 14 dpr; ^# P < 0.05, 3 dpi vs. 21 dpi, 28 dpi vs. 42 dpi). (D) Neutralizing antibody titers for protection of SARS-CoV-2-infected monkeys against reinfection.