Table 1.
Characteristics of Women’s Interagency HIV Study Participants
| Characteristic, N (%) | HIV-infected (N=825) | HIV-uninfected (N=392) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 51 (45, 57) | 48 (41, 55) | <0.0001 |
| Education level high school or greater | 562 (68.2) | 261 (66.8) | 0.61 |
| Annual Income ≥$12,000/yr | 424 (51.8) | 214 (55.4) | 0.24 |
| Enrollment year | 0.0002 | ||
| 94–95 | 413 (50.1) | 152 (38.8) | |
| 01–02 | 270 (32.7) | 174 (44.4) | |
| 11–14 | 142 (17.2) | 66 (16.8) | |
| WIHS Site | 0.025 | ||
| Bronx /Manhattan | 142 (17.2) | 94 (24.0) | |
| Brooklyn | 202 (24.5) | 83 (21.2) | |
| Washington DC | 147 (17.8) | 68 (17.3) | |
| San Francisco | 164 (19.9) | 85 (21.7) | |
| Chicago | 170 (20.6) | 62 (15.8) | |
| Race | 0.078 | ||
| White | 137 (16.6) | 48 (12.2) | |
| Black | 584 (70.8) | 283 (72.2) | |
| Hispanic/Other | 104 (12.6) | 61 (15.6) | |
| Injection Drug Use | 0.42 | ||
| Never | 631 (76.5) | 308 (78.6) | |
| Past/Current | 194 (23.5) | 84 (21.4) | |
| Smoking status | 0.0055 | ||
| Never | 224 (27.2) | 82 (20.9) | |
| Past | 298 (36.1) | 130 (33.2) | |
| Current | 303 (36.7) | 180 (45.9) | |
| Cocaine, crack, or heroin use | 0.025 | ||
| Never | 338 (41.0) | 140 (35.7) | |
| Past | 432 (52.4) | 210 (53.6) | |
| Current | 55 (6.7) | 42 (10.7) | |
| Marijuana use | 0.0021 | ||
| Never | 205 (24.8) | 78 (19.9) | |
| Past | 465 (56.4) | 207 (52.8) | |
| Current | 155 (18.8) | 107 (27.3) | |
| Current alcohol use | <0.0001 | ||
| None | 482 (58.5) | 178 (45.4) | |
| Light (< 3 drinks/wk) | 256 (31.1) | 141 (36.0) | |
| Moderate (3–13 drinks/wk) | 32 (3.9) | 22 (5.6) | |
| Heavy (≥14 drinks/wk) | 54 (6.6) | 51 (13.0) | |
| Postmenopausal status ** | 466 (56.5) | 174 (44.4) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hepatitis C Virus infection | 150 (18.2) | 51 (13.0) | 0.023 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 195 (23.6) | 91 (23.2) | 0.87 |
| Hypertension | 387 (46.9) | 184 (46.9) | 0.99 |
| Renal dysfunction (eGFR <60) | 104 (12.6) | 25 (6.4) | 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (CESD ≥16) | 240 (29.1) | 95 (24.2) | 0.076 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 160 (19.4) | 54 (13.8) | 0.016 |
| Obesity (≥30kg/m2) | 363 (44.3) | 206 (53.1) | 0.0044 |
| CNS active medication currently used | |||
| Anticonvulsants | 130 (15.8) | 40 (10.2) | 0.009 |
| Antidepressants | 225 (27.3) | 63 (16.1) | <0.0001 |
| Antipsychotics | 79 (9.6) | 40 (10.2) | 0.73 |
| Benzodiazepines and other sedatives | 113 (13.7) | 49 (12.5) | 0.57 |
| Muscle relaxants | 39 (4.7) | 26 (6.6) | 0.17 |
| Number of current CNS active medication types | 0.0001 | ||
| 0 | 478 (57.9) | 273 (69.6) | |
| 1 | 191 (23.2) | 51 (13.0) | |
| 2 | 92 (11.2) | 44 (11.2) | |
| ≥3 | 64 (7.8) | 24 (6.1) | |
| Fall status at any time during study | 0.44 | ||
| No fall | 671 (81.3) | 326 (83.2) | |
| Had fall | 154 (18.7) | 66 (16.8) | |
| HIV disease related characteristics | |||
| AIDS defining illness ever | 365 (44.2) | N/A | N/A |
| Current CD4+ cell count (cells/µl), median (IQR) | 611 (395, 805) | N/A | N/A |
| Nadir CD4+ cell count (cells/µl), median (IQR) | 224 (117, 367) | N/A | N/A |
| Suppressed HIV RNA viral load (<20c/mL) | 540 (66.5) | N/A | N/A |
| Current ART use | 753 (91.4) | N/A | N/A |
| T scores, median (IQR) | |||
| Executive function | 50 (43, 56) | 51 (44, 56) | 0.28 |
| Psychomotor speed | 50 (43, 55) | 51 (44, 57) | 0.011 |
| Attention/Working Memory | 49 (42, 55) | 49 (44, 56) | 0.031 |
| Learning | 48 (41, 56) | 50 (42, 57) | 0.068 |
| Memory | 49 ( 42, 57) | 51 (42, 57) | 0.33 |
| Fine Motor | 51 (44, 56) | 52 (46, 57) | 0.085 |
| Fluency | 49 (44, 55) | 50 (44, 55) | 0.19 |
| Impairment | |||
| Executive function | 145 (17.6) | 57 (14.5) | 0.18 |
| Psychomotor speed | 140 (17.0) | 53 (13.5) | 0.12 |
| Attention/Working Memory | 157 (20.4) | 47 (12.8) | 0.0017 |
| Learning | 187 (22.9) | 79 (20.2) | 0.30 |
| Memory | 164 (20.1) | 73 (18.9) | 0.61 |
| Fine Motor | 134 (16.5) | 40 (10.3) | 0.0047 |
| Fluency | 114 (13.9) | 42 (10.8) | 0.13 |
| Number of domains impaired (among executive function, motor, processing speed) | 0.11 | ||
| 0 or 1 | 714 (87.8) | 352 (91.0) | |
| 2 or 3 | 99 (12.2) | 35 (9.0) |
*
Comparison between groups using Chi-Square test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon test for continuous variable
**
Postmenopausal status is defined by self-reported amenorrhea at 2 consecutive visits for women aged >=45 years old and no resumption of menses