Table 1.

Ethnobotanical studies reported for Hyptidinae species.

Species	Country regions	Part of the plant	Preparation	Ethnobotanical uses	References
Mesosphaerum suaveolens (syn. H. suaveolens)	Bangladesh	Seeds	n.d.	Gonorrhea, fever, headache	Hossan et al. (2018)
	Bangladesh	Seeds	n.d.	Constipation, weakness	Kadir et al. (2014)
	Bangladesh	Roots	n.d.	Constipation	Rahmatullah et al. (2014)
	Brazil	Leaves and flowers	Infusion; Decoction	Dysmenorrhea, respiratory diseases and as febrifuge	Agra et al., 2007, Agra et al., 2008
	Brazil	Flowers	Infusion; Decoction	Digestive	Agra et al. (2007)
	Brazil	Flowers	Inhalation cigarette	Toothache and headache	Agra et al. (2007)
	Brazil	Seeds	Put a small seed into the eye	To withdraw small pieces of dust from the eyes.	Agra et al. (2008)
	Brazil	Herb	n.d.	Diaphoretic, several catarrhal diseases, carminative, wound healing	Breitbach et al. (2013)
	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Flu, fever, nasal congestion	Lemos et al. (2016)
	Brazil	Leaves, aerial parts, whole plant, roots	Decoction, maceration, infusion	Worms, hemorrhoids, expectorant, intestine, ulcers	Ribeiro et al. (2017)
	Brazil	n.d.	n.d.	Pains in general, rheumatism, renal disorders, inflammation in the ovary	de Santana et al. (2016)
	Brazil	Leaves; flowers	Infusion	Anti-hemorrhagic postpartum	van der Berg (1982); Yazbek et al., (2016)
	Brazil	n.d.	Infusion	Pain, stomach, flu, constipation, kidneys and worms	Bieski et al. (2012)
	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction	Anxiety, nervousness and depression	Bitu et al. (2015)
	Brazil	Flowers, leaves, seeds	n.d.	Digestive problems, menstrual colic, amenorrhea, toothache, headache, fever, influenza, respiratory problems in general, gout, eye cleansing	de Albuquerque et al. (2007)
	China	Aerial parts	Decoction	Cold	Li and Xing (2016)
	India	Leaves	Maceration Topical application	Fever	Chander et al. (2015)
	India	Whole plant	n.d.	Colic, flatulence	Gupta et al. (2018)
	India	Leaves	Maceration Topical application	To cure cuts and wounds	Jeeva and Femila (2012); Sharma et al., (2014)
	India	Whole plant	Maceration	Urinary infection and dysentery	Panda (2014)
	India	Leaves	Maceration Topical application	To treat sores and fungal infections	Policepatel and Manikrao (2013)
	India	Leaves	Juice	Stomachache	Silambarasan and Ayyanar (2015)
	India	Leaves	Decoction	Liver troubles	Choudhury et al. (2015)
	Kenya	Whole plant	n.d.	Mosquitoes repellent	Seyoum et al. (2002)
	Mali	Leaves	Maceration Topical application	Wound healing	Inngjerdingen et al. (2004)
	Malaysia	n.d.	n.d.	Skin infection	Wiart et al. (2004)
	Mexico	n.d.	n.d.	Gastrointestinal disorders	Jacobo-Herrera et al. (2016)
	Nigeria	Leaves	Decoction	To facilitate childbirth reducing the length of labor and labor pains	Attah et al. (2012)
	Nigeria	Leaves	Decoction	Insect repellent against malaria-causing agent	Attah et al. (2012)
	Nigeria	Leaves	Maceration Topical application	Headache	Igoli et al. (2003)
	Nigeria	Leaves	n.d.	Malaria disease	Olorunnisola et al. (2013)
	Nigeria	Leaves	Decoction	Malaria disease	Iyamah and Idu (2015)
	Nigeria	Whole plant	n.d.	Mosquitoes repellent	Sonibare et al. (2015)
	Tanzania	Leaves	Inhalation	Abdominal pains and general body weakness	Chhabra et al. (1990)
	Togo	Leaves	Decoction	Liver diseases	Kpodar et al. (2016)
Mesosphaerum pectinatum syn. (Hyptis pectinata)	Brazil	Entire plant	Infusion	Dysmenorrheal and liver disorders	Agra et al. (2007)
	Brazil	Flowers	Infusion	Asthmas, coughs and bronchitis	Agra et al. (2007)
	Brazil	Flowers	Infusion	Against dysmenorrheal and liver disorders.	Agra et al. (2008)
	Brazil	Leaves	Topical application	Wounds	Moreira et al. (2002)
	Brazil	Aerial parts	n.d.	Headache, odontalgia, amenorrhea, hepatalgia, hepatic problems, flatulence, rheumatism, gastritis, ulcer, asthma, cough, bronchitis	de Albuquerque et al. (2007)
	Brazil	n.d.	n.d.	Rhynopharyngitis, nasal congestion, skin diseases, gastric problems, fever, bacterial and fungal infections	Nascimento et al., (2008); de Queiroz et al., (2014)
	Kenya	n.d.	Infusion	Unspecified illnesses	Githinji and Kokwaro (1993)
	Kenya	n.d.	n.d.	Molluscide	Githinji and Kokwaro (1993)
	Mexico	n.d.	n.d.	Gastric disturbances	Jacobo-Herrera et al. (2016)
	Mexico	n.d.	n.d.	Antiseptic	Rojas et al. (1992)
	Tanzania	Whole plant	Decoction	Intestinal worms in children	Chhabra et al. (1990)
Mesosphaerum sidifolium (syn. Hyptis umbrosa)	Brazil	Leaves	Juice and decoction	Treatment of nasal and auricular diseases	Agra et al. (2008)
	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction	Stomachic and tonic.	Agra et al. (2008)
	Brazil	Leaves	Syrup	Expectorant	Agra et al. (2008)
Cantinoa althaeifolia (syn. Hyptis althaeifolia)	Brazil	n.d.	n.d.	Flu, stomach, sedative, relaxation	Pirker et al. (2012)
Cantinoa americana (syn. Hyptis spicigera)	Bolivia	Fruit	Decoction	Stomachache, stomach disorders, diarrhea	Hajdu and Hohmann (2012)
	Bolivia	Flower	Infusion	Liver disorder	Hajdu and Hohmann (2012)
	Bolivia	Roots	n.d.	Scabies	Hajdu and Hohmann (2012)
	Burkina Faso	Leaves	Maceration	Toothache	Tapsoba and Deschamps (2006)
	Ghana	Leaves	Infusion	Anti-malarial and insect repellent against mosquitoes	Asase et al. (2005)
	Mali	Aerial parts	Decoction Topical application	Wound healing	Inngjerdingen et al. (2004)
	Mali	Leaves	Decoction	Malaria	Diarra et al. (2015)
Hyptis capitata	Bangladesh	Whole plant	Infusion	Abdominal pain	Kadir et al. (2014)
	Bangladesh	Roots	Infusion	Amenorrhea	Kadir et al. (2014)
	Colombia	n.d.	n.d.	Anti-inflammatory and healing of ulcers	Gonzalez (1980)
	Malaysia	Roots	Infusion	Fevers and colds	Ahmad and Holdsworth (2003)
	Peru	Leaves	Inhalation cigarette	Analgesic	Odonne et al. (2013)
	China	Leaves	Topical application	Bruise, rheumatoid arthritis	Zheng et al. (2013)
Cantinoa mutabilis (syn. Hyptis mutabilis)	Argentina	Leaves	n.d.	Diaphoretic, carminative and vulnerary	Goleniowski et al. (2006)
	Bolivia	Leaves	Infusion Topical application	Skin ulcer	Hajdu and Hohmann (2012)
	Bolivia	Leaves and roots	Topical application	Leishmaniasis, skin infection, urinary infection, diarrhea, frighta	Arévalo-Lopéz et al. (2018)
	Bolivia	Leaves and roots	Decoction	Vomits, diarrhea and fever	Arévalo-Lopéz et al. (2018)
	Brazil	Herb	n.d.	Diaphoretic, several catarrhal disease, carminative, wound healing	Breitbach et al. (2013)
	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Menstrual cramps	Yazbek et al. (2016)
	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction; Infusion	Cardiac illness, cold, flu	de Barros et al. (2017)
	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Stomach and menstrual cramps	van den Berg and da Silva (1988)
	Mexico	Aerial parts; Leaves	Infusion Topical application	Erysipelas	Andrade-Cetto (2009)
	Peru	Aerial parts	Maceration Topical application	Headache, vertigo in the elderly	Sanz-Biset et al. (2009)
	Suriname	n.d.	n.d.	Headache	van't Klooster et al. (2016)
	Brazil	Bark. Flowers, leaves	n.d.	Uterine inflammation, gastritis, cough, placental delivery, headache, healing, expectorant	de Albuquerque et al. (2007)
Condea verticilatta (syn. Hyptis verticillata)	Colombia	n.d.	n.d.	Rheumatism	Gonzalez (1980)
	Mexico	Roots	Infusion	Vomit, asthma, body pain	Alonso-Castro et al. (2012)
	Mexico	n.d.	n.d.	Headache, stomach ache and gastrointestinal disorders	Jacobo-Herrera et al. (2016)
	Nicaragua	Leaves, whole plant, roots	n.d.	Skin conditions of diabetes	Giovannini et al. (2016)
Condea albida (syn. Hyptis albida)	Mexico	n.d.	n.d.	Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin infections, rheumatism, cramps, and muscular pains	Martínez (1979)
	Mexico	n.d.	n.d.	Influenza, rheumatic pain, wound healing, antihelmintic	Pereda-Miranda and Delgado (1990); Rojas et al., (1992); Biblioteca Digital de Medicina Tradicional Mexicana (2020)
	n.d.	Leaves	n.d.	Insect repellent	Altschul (1973)
Hyptis brevipes	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Stomach and kidneys affections	Oliveira et al. (2011)
Hyptis crenata	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Sinusitis, fever	Ribeiro et al. (2017)
	Brazil	Roots	Infusion	Contraceptive	Elisabetsky and Posey (1989)
	Brazil	Roots	Infusion	General pains, bad cold, rheumatism, menstrual colic	Di Stasi et al. (2002)
	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction	Analgesic	Di Stasi et al. (2002)
	Brazil	Whole plant	Infusion	Menstrual regulation	Di Stasi et al. (2002)
	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Gastrointestinal disorders	de Jesus et al., 2009
	Brazil	Roots	Infusion	Vermifuge	Oliveira et al. (2011)
	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Inflammation	van den Berg and da Silva (1988)
	Brazil	Roots	Decoction; infusion	Using during pregnancy	Elisabetsky and Posey (1989)
Hyptis sp.	Brazil	Leaves	n.d.	Asthma, dizzy spells, nausea, bronchitis, pains, digestive, tranquilizer, baby colic, constipation	de Albuquerque et al. (2007)
	Brazil	Leaves	n.d.	Washing post-partum	Amorozo and Gély (1988)
Hyptis hirsuta	Brazil	n.d.	Infusion	Diabetes, stomach, flu, cough, and worms	Bieski et al. (2012)
Hyptis lacustris	Peru	Leaves	Topical application	Wounds, leishmaniasis, ring worm	Céline et al. (2009)
Hyptis lanceolata	Suriname	n.d.	n.d.	Cold	van't Klooster et al. (2016)
Hyptis obtusiflora	Peru	Leaves	Topical application	Wounds, leishmaniasis, ring worm	Céline et al. (2009)
	Ecuador		Juice	Wound healing	de la Torre et al. (2008)
	Ecuador		Infusions	Hot baths	de la Torre et al. (2008)
	Ecuador	Whole plant	Ashes	Wound healing in the legs	de la Torre et al. (2008)
	Ecuador	Leaves	Infusion	Flu and skin infections	de la Torre et al. (2008)
	Ecuador	Leaves	Maceration	Stomach pain	de la Torre et al. (2008)
	Ecuador	Leaves	Juice	To treat stings, pimples, or injuries that insects cause, especially in the most vulnerable individuals of the population	Luzuriaga-Quichimbo et al. (2018)
Hyptis paludosa	Brazil	n.d.	Infusion	Cold	Bieski et al. (2012)
Hyptidendron canum (syn. Hyptis cana)	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction	Abortive	Rodrigues (2007)
	Brazil	Leaves; whole plant	Infusion, maceration	Diarrhea, general infection, worms, insomnia, flu, rheumatism, pains, fever	Ribeiro et al. (2017)
	Brazil	Leaves	n.d.	Anti-hemorragic, post-partum. Contraindicated in pregnancy	Vieira and Martins, 2000; Rodrigues, 2007
Eplingiella fruticosa (syn. Hyptis fruticosa)	nd	nf	nd	Analgesic and anticonvulsant	Menezes et al., (2007); Franco et al., (2011a)
	Brazil	Fruits and leaves	Infusion Smoked cigarettes are used in asthma cases	Flu, colds and respiratory diseases	Agra et al. (2008)
Medusantha martiusii (syn. Hyptis martiusii)	Brazil	Leaves	nd	Antifungal	Santos et al. (2013)
	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction or infusion	Intestinal and stomachic diseases	Agra et al. (2008)
	Brazil	Roots	Decoction	Ovarian inflammations	Agra et al. (2008)
Leptohyptis macrosthachys (syn. Hyptis macrosthachys)	Brazil	Leaves	Infusion	Against asthmas, coughs and bronchitis	Agra et al. (2008)
Hypenia salzmannii	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction; infusion	Against flu, colds and respiratory diseases	Agra et al., 2007, Agra et al., 2008
	Brazil	Leaves	n.d.	Cough, influenza, colds, respiratory problems in general	de Albuquerque et al. (2007)
	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	Diseases of the respiratory tract	Falcão et al. (2003)
Marsypianthes chamaedrys	Brazil	Leaves, whole plant	Infusion	Carminative and digestive	Agra et al., 2007, Agra et al., 2008
	Brazil	Leaves, whole plant	n.d.	Cough, bronchitis, flatulence, fever, articular rheumatism, antiophidic, stimulant, digestive
	Brazil	Leaves	Maceration	Snake bite Bothrops jararaca	de Moura et al. (2015)
	Brazil	Leaves	Decoction, infusion	Asthma, stomachache, gastritis, ulcer, vaginal discharge, uterine and ovarian inflammation, wound healing	Ribeiro et al. (2017)
	n.d	Whole plant	nd	Snake bites	de Albuquerque et al. (2007)
Rhaphiodon echinus	Brazil	Leaves, roots	n.d.	Uterine inflammation	de Albuquerque et al. (2007)

n.d. not determined.

^aFright” is an English-speaking Caribbean term for an ethnomedicinal condition of persistent distress.