Table 2.
Risk Factors of Inadequate Emergence in PACU after General Anesthesia for Elective Surgery
| NE | EA | P value | HE | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 905) | (n = 158) | EA vs. NE | (n = 73) | HE vs. NE | |
| > Age 50 yr | 728 (82.1) | 116 (13.1) | 0.043 | 43 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
| < Age 50 yr | 177 (70.9) | 42 (17.0) | 30 (12.1) | ||
| Sex (M/F) | 272/633 | 59/99 | 0.067 | 35/38 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (23.4) | 28.2 (27.3) | 0.928 | 26.1 (5.5) | 0.402 |
| Single | 195 (80.6) | 40 (16.5) | 0.298 | 7 (2.9) | 0.015 |
| Married | 702 (79.8) | 113 (12.8) | 0.097 | 65 (7.4) | 0.021 |
| Divorced | 8 (57.1) | 5 (35.7) | 0.016 | 1 (7.1) | 0.675 |
| ≤ Diploma | 729 (78.6) | 132 (14.2) | 0.376 | 66 (7.1) | 0.037 |
| Bachelor | 153 (84) | 23 (12.6) | 0.827 | 6 (3.2) | 0.010 |
| > Bachelor | 23 (85.2) | 3 (11.1) | 0.629 | 1 (3.7) | 0.533 |
| *Hypertension | 49 (75.4) | 8 (12.3) | 0.771 | 8 (12.3) | 0.026 |
| *Diabetes mellitus | 13 (59.1) | 5 (22.7) | 0.156 | 4 (18.2) | 0.005 |
| *TD | 47 (87) | 4 (7.4) | 0.139 | 3 (5.6) | 0.931 |
| *ND | 6 (54.5) | 4 (36.4) | 0.034 | 1 (9.1) | 0.390 |
| *Others | 151 (81.6) | 20 (10.8) | 0.315 | 14 (7.6) | 0.208 |
| Pre-existing PD | 32 (66.7) | 10 (20.8) | 0.096 | 6 (12.5) | 0.046 |
| Alcohol | 79 (73.8) | 18 (16.8) | 0.283 | 10 (9.3) | 0.155 |
| Smoking | 94 (71.8) | 24 (18.3) | 0.076 | 13 (9.9) | 0.051 |
| Substance abuse | 65 (68.4) | 20 (21.1) | 0.019 | 10 (10.5) | 0.044 |
| †Gynecological | 329 (89.4) | 26 (7.1) | < 0.001 | 13 (3.5) | 0.001 |
| †Head & neck | 311 (77.8) | 63 (15.8) | 0.180 | 26 (6.5) | 0.828 |
| †Thoracic | 63 (76.8) | 4 (4.9) | 0.034 | 15 (18.3) | < 0.001 |
| †Intraabdominal | 48 (67.6) | 20 (28.2) | < 0.001 | 3 (4.2) | 0.064 |
| †Laparoscopic | 52 (67.5) | 22 (28.6) | < 0.001 | 3 (3.9) | 0.044 |
| †Musculoskeletal | 36 (73.5) | 13 (26.5) | 0.031 | 0 (0) | - |
| IBV (ml) | 155 ± 9 | 210 ± 16 | < 0.001 | 417.9 ± 77.1 | < 0.001 |
| IV fluid (ml) | 1539 ± 43 | 1818 ± 99 | < 0.001 | 2832.1 ± 247.0 | < 0.001 |
| §0 units | 888 (80.2) | 153 (13.8) | 0.294 | 66 (6) | < 0.001 |
| §1–2 units | 15 (68.2) | 5 (22.7) | 0.199 | 2 (9.1) | 0.437 |
| §≥ 3 units | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0) | - | 5 (71.4) | - |
| ‡Fentanyl (μg) | 178.6 ± 83.6 | 200.0 ± 7.5 | 0.154 | 223.5 ± 84.5 | 0.038 |
| ‡Morphine (mg) | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 | 7.4 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
| ‡Pethidine (mg) | 20.3 ± 7.6 | 21.7 ± 2.9 | 0.022 | 0 | < 0.001 |
| ‡Remifentanil (μg) | 1321.8 ± 642 | 1142.9 ± 475.6 | 0.0008 | 1500.0 ± 912.9 | 0.028 |
| ‡Alfentanil (μg) | 26.4 ± 42.5 | 69.0 ± 14.9 | 0.003 | 15.9 ± 28.7 | < 0.001 |
| ‡Sufentanil (μg) | 4.0 ± 2.5 | 1.0 ± 0 | < 0.001 | 4.4 ± 2.5 | 0.029 |
| PACU analgesics | 54 (72.0) | 21 (28.0) | < 0.001 | 0 (0) | - |
| Foley catheters | 315 (71.9) | 67 (15.3) | 0.066 | 56 (12.8) | < 0.001 |
| ΙΙNRS < 5 | 875 (79.8) | 150 (13.7) | 0.274 | 71 (6.5) | 0.070 |
| ΙΙNRS ≥ 5 | 30 (72.2) | 8 (22.2) | 2 (5.6) |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD. PACU: postanesthesia care unit, NE: normal emergence, EA: emergence agitation, HE: hypoactive emergence, BMI: body mass index, TD: thyroid dysfunction, ND: neurologic disorders, PD: psychological disorders, IBV: intraoperative bleeding volume, IV: intravenous, NRS: numeric rating scale.
*
Pre-existing medical illness.
†
Site of surgery.
‡
Intraoperative opioids.
§
Packed cell transfusion.
ΙΙ
Postoperative pain.