Table 5.
Risk Factors of Inadequate Emergence in the PACU after General Anesthesia in Elective Surgery Patients with a History of Substance Dependence
| NE | EA | P value | HE | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 65) | (n = 20) | EA vs. NE | (n = 10) | HE vs. NE | |
| > Age 50 yr | 47 (69.11) | 17 (25) | 0.289 | 4 (5.9) | 0.033 |
| < Age 50 yr | 17 (65.4) | 3 (11.5) | 6 (23.1) | ||
| Sex (M/F) | 54/11 | 16/4 | 0.752 | 10/0 | - |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (4.2) | 25.6 (4.7) | 0.520 | 25.2 (3.8) | 0.875 |
| Single | 22 (78.6) | 5 (17.9) | 0.457 | 1 (3.6) | 0.127 |
| Married | 41 (64.1) | 14 (21.9) | 0.571 | 9 (14.1) | 0.092 |
| Divorced | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | - | 0 (0) | - |
| ≤ Diploma | 51 (65.4) | 18 (23.1) | 0.248 | 9 (11.5) | 0.395 |
| Bachelor | 13 (86.7) | 2 (13.3) | 0.304 | 0 (0) | - |
| > Bachelor | 1 (50) | 0 (0) | - | 1 (50) | - |
| Alcohol | 53 (63.8) | 16 (21.1) | 0.877 | 7 (9.2) | 0.395 |
| Smoking | 41 (73.2) | 9 (16.1) | 0.150 | 6 (10.7) | 0.851 |
| Abuse opium | 37 (64.4) | 12 (20.3) | 0.902 | 9 (15.3) | 0.045 |
| Abuse stimulants | 28 (75.7) | 8 (22.2) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| IBV (ml) | 181 ± 62 | 174 ± 18 | 0.962 | 559 ± 723 | 0.082 |
| IV fluid (ml) | 1488 ± 1128 | 1930 ± 1091 | 0.126 | 3667 ± 2194 | < 0.001 |
| *Fentanyl (μg) | 18.71 ± 81.2 | 219.4 ± 105.9 | 0.17 | 225.0 ± 59.8 | 0.179 |
| *Morphine (mg) | 6.5 ± 2.7 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | (0.15) | 8.8 ± 4.8 | (0.03) |
| *Pethidine (mg) | 32.5 ± 10.6 | 0 | - | 0 | - |
| *Remifentanil (μg) | 1177.8 ± 772.6 | - | - | - | |
| *Sufentanil (μg) | 6.0 ± 5.7 | - | - | ||
| PACU analgesics | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 0.002 | 0 (0) | - |
| Foley catheters | 15 (53.6) | 5 (17.9) | 0.859 | 8 (28.8) | < 0.001 |
| †NRS < 5 | 63 (69.2) | 18 (19.8) | 0.201 | 10 (11.0) | - |
| †NRS ≥ 5 | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | 0 | - |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD. NE: normal emergence, EA: emergence agitation, HE: hypoactive emergence, BMI: body mass index, IBV: intraoperative bleeding volume, IV: Intravenous, PACU: postanesthesia care unit, NRS: numeric rating scale.
*
Intraoperative opioids.
†
Postoperative pain.