Table 2.
Persistence/survival of coronavirus in different wastewater matrix.
| Virus studied | Wastewater type | Detection method | Study period | Important information and findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), BJ01 | Hospital wastewater, domestic sewage | Culture method, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction | 14 days | SARS-CoV persisted for two days at 20 °C in hospital wastewater and domestic sewage SARS-CoV persisted for ≥14 days at 4 °C in hospital wastewater and domestic sewage |
Wang et al. [49] |
| Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) (ATCC-990) (an enteric feline coronavirus) | Wastewater treatment plant primary and secondary (activated sludge) effluent | Cell culture | 21 days | 99 and 99.9 % decrease in virus titer obtained in 1.6 and 2.4 days for primary effluent (filtered) at 23 °C 99 and 99.9 % decrease in virus titer obtained in 1.71 and 2.56 days for primary effluent (unfiltered) at 23 °C 99 and 99.9 % decrease in virus titer obtained in 1.62 and 2.42 days for secondary effluent (unfiltered) at 23 °C |
Gundy et al. [52] |
| Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV) (ATCC-740) | Wastewater treatment plant primary and secondary (activated sludge) effluent | Cell culture | 21 days | 99 and 99.9 % decrease in virus titer obtained in 1.57 and 2.35 days for primary effluent (filtered) at 23 °C 99 and 99.9 % decrease in virus titer obtained in 2.36 and 3.54 days for primary effluent (unfiltered) at 23 °C 99 and 99.9 % decrease in virus titer obtained in 1.85 and 2.77 days for secondary effluent (unfiltered) at 23 °C |
Gundy et al. [52] |
| Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGEV) (surrogate coronavirus) | Pasteurized settled sewage | Cell culture | 35 days for 4 °C and 21 days for 23−25 °C | Infectivity of TGEV decreased by −1.5 log10 per week at 25 °C and −0.3 log10 per week at 4 °C 99 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 9 days at 25 °C (the reduction followed first-order kinetics) 99 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 49 days at 4 °C (predicted) 99.9 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 14 days at 25 °C (predicted) (the reduction followed first-order kinetics) 99.9 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 73 days at 4 °C (predicted) |
Casanova et al. [51] |
| Mouse hepatitis (MHV) (surrogate coronavirus) | Pasteurized settled sewage | Cell culture | 35 days for 4 °C and 21 days for 23−25 °C | Infectivity of MHV decreased by −2 log10 per week at 25 °C and −0.2 log10 per week at 4 °C 99 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 7 days at 25 °C 99 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 70 days at 4 °C (predicted) 99.9 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 10 days at 25 °C (predicted) 99.9 % reduction in infectious titer was obtained in 105 days at 4 °C (predicted) |
Casanova et al. [51] |
| Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (A59 strain), genus: coronavirus | Raw municipal wastewater | Cell culture | 48 h | For unpasteurized wastewater, T90 (time to reach 90% inactivation) was estimated as 13 ± 1 h at 25 °C For unpasteurized wastewater, T90 was estimated as 36 ± 5 h at 10 °C For pasteurized wastewater, T90 was estimated as 19 ± 8 h at 25 °C For pasteurized wastewater T90 was estimated as 149 ± 103 h at 10 °C Inactivation of MHV at both the temperature followed first-order kinetics for both pasteurized and unpasteurized wastewater |
Ye et al. [50] |