Table 3.

Inactivation by disinfectants and removal process of coronavirus (human health related).

Inactivation/removal process	Virus removed	Coronavirus detection method	Important information and findings	Reference
Disinfection by chlorine and chlorine dioxide	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), BJ01	Culture method, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction	Chlorine is found as more effective disinfectant than chlorine dioxide for inactivation of SARS-CoV 10 mg/L of chlorine resulted in 100 % inactivation of SARS-CoV (101.6TCID50a/mL) in 10 min, whereas, Escherichia Coli (4.6 × 105 cfub/L) and bacteriophage f2 (1.9 × 105 pfuc/L) were not inactivated completely 40 mg/L of chlorine resulted in 100 % inactivation of SARS-CoV (101.75TCID50a/mL) and 100% of Escherichia Coli (5.5 × 105 cfub/L) in 10 min, whereas, f2 phase (2.9 × 105 pfuc/L) was not inactivated completely	Wang et al. [44]
Adsorption by Nano/microspheres of N-(2- hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethyl chitosan (HTCC-NS/MS)	Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63)	Cell culture, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)	10 mg/500 μl high-HTCCNS/MS in the samples yielded ∼415-fold decrease in TCID50a which corresponds to 99.7% reduction in the virus titer Desorption by 2 M NaCl solution resulted significant virus recovery HCoV-NL63 removal efficiency depends on adsorbent surface’s degree of cationization and is higher for more cationic HTCC-NS/MS The decrease in TCID50a was correlated with the amount of the adsorbent used	Ciejka et al. [53]
Disinfection by sodium hypochlorite	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)	RT-qPCR	Although free chlorine of 6.5 mg/L was detected after 1.5 h contact time with 800 g/m3 of sodium hypochlorite disinfection of hospital sewage, SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) was again detected after 12 h of addition and free chlorine was not detectable The phenomenon may be observed due to release of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in septic tank that were embedded in stool particles For complete disinfection, 6700 g/m3 of sodium hypochlorite was used. As a result, free chlorine concentration ranged between 21−25 mg/L after 12 h addition and trichlormethane, tribromomethane, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane were formed	Zhang et al. [54]

^aTCID₅₀ represents 50 % tissue culture infective dose.

^bcfu represents colony-forming unit.

^cpfu represents plaque-forming unit.