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. 2020 Aug 5;8(5):104317. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104317

Table 3.

Inactivation by disinfectants and removal process of coronavirus (human health related).

Inactivation/removal process Virus removed Coronavirus detection method Important information and findings Reference
Disinfection by chlorine and chlorine dioxide Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), BJ01 Culture method, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Chlorine is found as more effective disinfectant than chlorine dioxide for inactivation of SARS-CoV
10 mg/L of chlorine resulted in 100 % inactivation of SARS-CoV (101.6TCID50a/mL) in 10 min, whereas, Escherichia Coli (4.6 × 105 cfub/L) and bacteriophage f2 (1.9 × 105 pfuc/L) were not inactivated completely
40 mg/L of chlorine resulted in 100 % inactivation of SARS-CoV (101.75TCID50a/mL) and 100% of Escherichia Coli (5.5 × 105 cfub/L) in 10 min, whereas, f2 phase (2.9 × 105 pfuc/L) was not inactivated completely
Wang et al. [44]
Adsorption by Nano/microspheres of N-(2- hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethyl chitosan (HTCC-NS/MS) Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Cell culture, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) 10 mg/500 μl high-HTCCNS/MS in the samples yielded ∼415-fold decrease in TCID50a which corresponds to 99.7% reduction in the virus titer
Desorption by 2 M NaCl solution resulted significant virus recovery
HCoV-NL63 removal efficiency depends on adsorbent surface’s degree of cationization and is higher for more cationic HTCC-NS/MS
The decrease in TCID50a was correlated with the amount of the adsorbent used
Ciejka et al. [53]
Disinfection by sodium hypochlorite Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
RT-qPCR Although free chlorine of 6.5 mg/L was detected after 1.5 h contact time with 800 g/m3 of sodium hypochlorite disinfection of hospital sewage, SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) was again detected after 12 h of addition and free chlorine was not detectable
The phenomenon may be observed due to release of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in septic tank that were embedded in stool particles
For complete disinfection, 6700 g/m3 of sodium hypochlorite was used. As a result, free chlorine concentration ranged between 21−25 mg/L after 12 h addition and trichlormethane, tribromomethane, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane were formed
Zhang et al. [54]
a

TCID50 represents 50 % tissue culture infective dose.

b

cfu represents colony-forming unit.

c

pfu represents plaque-forming unit.