Figure 1.

Exposure-based cohort entry timeline. The vertical gray arrow depicts the cohort entry date and the horizontal black arrow depicts time over the study period. Each box depicts the time (in days) during which the covariates were assessed in relation to the cohort entry date. *Date of second encounter with buprenorphine on the active medication list; possible cohort entry from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2017. ^†Exclusion criteria: < 18 years old and < 2 encounters with buprenorphine on the active medication list. ^‡Baseline clinical covariates included coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C infection, HIV, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, malignancy, homeless status, and alcohol use disorder. ^§Baseline medications included anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, benzodiazepines, opioids (excluding buprenorphine), and naloxone. ^‖Site of the first two encounters with buprenorphine on the active medication list. ^¶SES baseline covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, preferred language, and study entry year. ^#Earliest of outcome of interest (death) or end of the study period (December 31, 2018). Adapted from www.repeatinitiative.org/projects.html. Licensed under CC BY.