Table 2.
Association Between Baseline Patient Characteristics and Mortality
| All-cause mortality (n = 664) | Opioid overdose mortality (n = 299) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | aHR* (95% CI) | p value | aHR* (95% CI) | p value |
| Sociodemographic features | ||||
| Age (per 10-year increment) | 1.24 (1.17, 1.33) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.49 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 1.34 (1.13, 1.58) | < 0.001 | 1.62 (1.26, 2.10) | < 0.001 |
| Race | ||||
| Non-White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| White | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) | 0.06 | 1.11 (0.80, 1.55) | 0.52 |
| Preferred language | ||||
| English | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Non-English | 1.06 (0.60, 1.87) | 0.85 | 0.63 (0.20, 2.04) | 0.44 |
| Housing status | ||||
| Housed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Homeless | 1.39 (1.09, 1.78) | 0.01 | 1.77 (1.25, 2.50) | 0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Chronic comorbid conditions | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | 0.92 | 0.68 (0.34, 1.35) | 0.27 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.68 (0.44, 1.03) | 0.07 | 0.68 (0.27, 1.70) | 0.41 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.45 (1.09, 1.94) | 0.01 | 1.44 (0.83, 2.52) | 0.20 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1.35 (1.14, 1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.85, 1.46) | 0.44 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.75 (1.38, 2.23) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.70, 1.90) | 0.57 |
| Hepatitis C infection | 1.56 (1.29, 1.89) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.39, 2.41) | < 0.001 |
| HIV | 1.13 (0.77, 1.67) | 0.53 | 0.89 (0.42, 1.86) | 0.75 |
| Liver disease | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) | 0.54 | 0.94 (0.69, 1.29) | 0.71 |
| Malignancy | 1.33 (1.04, 1.68) | 0.02 | 0.66 (0.38, 1.16) | 0.15 |
| Serious bacterial infection† | 1.26 (0.99, 1.60) | 0.07 | 1.22 (0.81, 1.83) | 0.34 |
| Comorbid substance use disorders | ||||
| Alcohol use disorder | 1.04 (0.88, 1.25) | 0.64 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | 0.69 |
| Other substance use disorder‡ | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.32 | 1.26 (0.95, 1.68) | 0.11 |
| Medications | ||||
| Anti-depressant | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.58 | 1.09 (0.86, 1.40) | 0.47 |
| Anti-psychotic | 1.32 (1.10, 1.58) | 0.002 | 1.23 (0.93, 1.62) | 0.16 |
| Benzodiazepine | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.61 | 0.99 (0.76, 1.28) | 0.91 |
| Opioid§ | 1.28 (1.08, 1.52) | 0.005 | 1.18 (0.90, 1.55) | 0.23 |
| Naloxone | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 0.84 | 0.78 (0.56, 1.09) | 0.14 |
| Healthcare use factors | ||||
| Buprenorphine encounter site‖ | ||||
| Outpatient only | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Outpatient then inpatient | 1.67 (1.14, 2.47) | 0.009 | 1.07 (0.52, 2.21) | 0.86 |
| Inpatient only | 1.43 (1.18, 1.73) | 0.002 | 1.20 (0.88, 1.63) | 0.25 |
| Inpatient then outpatient | 1.07 (0.68, 1.69) | 0.76 | 1.12 (0.56, 2.23) | 0.76 |
| Study entry year | ||||
| 2007–2009 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2010–2013 | 1.27 (0.97, 1.66) | 0.07 | 1.40 (0.90, 2.19) | 0.13 |
| 2014–2017 | 1.57 (1.18, 2.10) | 0.002 | 2.61 (1.63, 4.19) | < 0.001 |
*Adjusted hazard ratio: results from each column come from one single model adjusting for all covariates in this table
†Includes endocarditis, epidural abscess, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis
‡Includes amphetamine use disorder, hallucinogen use disorder, sedative use disorder, and other/polysubstance use disorder
§Excludes buprenorphine
‖Initial buprenorphine encounter site based on the first two encounters with buprenorphine on the active medication list