Table 1.
Metallic element concentrations in patients with multiple sclerosis and control in different studies.
| Element | References | Sample type | Technical analysis | Concentration (µg/L) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | MS | |||||
| Ba | This work | B | ICP-MS | 5.05 ± 6.43 | 3.25 ± 2.45 | 0.897 |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-AES | 1.17 ± 0.54 | 1.43 ± 0.11 | NS | |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-MS | 0.69 ± 0.42 | 1.32 ± 0.54 | < 0.05* | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-MS | 0.59 (0.43–0.92) | 0.61 (0.44–0.81) | NS | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 1.01 ± 0.01 | 1.01 ± 0.01 | NS | |
| This work | B | ICP-MS | 0.22 ± 0.013 | 0.0003 ± 0.002 | 0.000* | |
| Be | Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-MS | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | NS |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-MS | 0.21 (0.31–0.32) | 0.34 (0.21–0.45) | < 0.0003* | |
| Ca | This work | B | ICP-MS | 77,029.43 ± 53,013.06 | 55,716.59 ± 18,393.67 | 0.439 |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-AES | 68,006 ± 10,517 | 65,410 ± 11,264 | < 0.05* | |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-AES | 65,310 ± 5,620 | 86,017 ± 11,115 | < 0.05* | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-AES | 64,236 (59,380–68,340) | 73,039 (68,786–76,417) | < 0.0003* | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 70,400 ± 420 | 58,300 ± 550 | < 0.001* | |
| Co | This work | B | ICP-MS | 1.46 ± 0.79 | 0.0091 ± 0.0499 | 0.000* |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-MS | 0.016 ± 0.09 | 0.21 ± 0.11 | NS | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-MS | 0.16 (0.10–0.25) | 0.14 (0.09–0.24) | NS | |
| Cr | This work | B | ICP-MS | 38.96 ± 148.07 | 6.03 ± 8.37 | 0.001* |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-MS | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 0.36 ± 0.22 | 0.85 | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-MS | 0.15 (0.12–0.21) | 0.17 (0.13–0.23) | NS | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 1.17 ± 0.02 | < 0.01* | |
| Cu | This work | B | ICP-MS | 1,052.29 ± 487.05 | 721.21 ± 222.78 | 0.000* |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-AES | 926 ± 144 | 1,445 ± 481 | < 0.05* | |
| Melo et al.21 | CF | ICP-MS | 8.67 ± 0.49 | 10.90 ± 1.11 | < 0.05* | |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-AES | 953 ± 75 | 1,034 ± 228 | < 0.05* | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-AES | 951 (808–1,073) | 940 (819–1,031) | NS | |
| Iranmanesh et al.20 | S | CAA | 110.37 ± 37.10 | 88.58 ± 19.56 | < 0.05* | |
| Sedighi et al.28 | S | AAS | 88.9 | 93.7 | 0.46 | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 1.06 ± 0.02 | 1.67 ± 0.03 | < 0.001* | |
| Fe | This work | B | ICP-MS | 496,556 ± 43,797 | 424,319 ± 51,525 | 0.000* |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-AES | 546,285 ± 69,705 | 482,748 ± 83,763 | < 0.05* | |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-AES | 1686 ± 547 | 1,318 ± 527 | < 0.10* | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-AES | 1,610 (1,228–1995) | 920 (752–1,294) | < 0.0003* | |
| Iranmanesh et al.20 | S | CAA | 103.95 ± 33.81 | 127.04 ± 34.67 | < 0.05* | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 4.25 ± 0.02 | 4.13 ± 0.03 | < 0.01* | |
| Mg | This work | B | ICP-MS | 36,416 ± 4,155.48 | 27,837 ± 4,127.48 | 0.000* |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-AES | 40,392 ± 5,657 | 36,784 ± 5,804 | NS | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-AES | 17,424 (16,501–19,086) | 18,391 (17,458–19,638) | NS | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 12,330 ± 250 | 13,470 ± 330 | < 0.1* | |
| Mo | This work | B | ICP-MS | 2.03 ± 3.22 | 1.46 ± 0.72 | 0.879 |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-MS | 2.94 ± 1.65 | 2.11 ± 0.83 | < 0.05* | |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-MS | 0.86 ± 0.35 | 1.45 ± 0.49 | < 0.05* | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-MS | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) | 1.14 (0.82–1.43) | NS | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | NS | |
| Ni | This work | B | ICP-MS | 13.34 ± 37.04 | 1.92 ± 4.43 | 0.000* |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-MS | 0.44 ± 0.35 | 1.62 ± 1.24 | < 0.05* | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-MS | 0.39 (0.34–0.71) | 0.81 (0.41–1.37) | < 0.0003* | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 0.001 ± 0.009 | 0.016 ± 0.012 | NS | |
| Pb | This work | B | ICP-MS | 12.46 ± 3.89 | 24.55 ± 19.94 | 0.000* |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-MS | 35.6 ± 20.1 | 24.3 ± 12.7 | < 0.05* | |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-MS | 0.65 ± 0.34 | 0.53 ± 0.45 | NS | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-MS | 0.53 (0.34–0.71) | 0.40 (0.26–0.54) | NS | |
| Aliomrani et al.36 | B | AAS | 46.1 ± 22 | 44.7 ± 25 | 0.625 | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | NS | |
| Dehghanifiroozabadi et al.22 | S | GFAAS | 33.8 ± 28.8 | 75.6 ± 9.35 | 0.003* | |
| Zn | This work | B | ICP-MS | 4,298.35 ± 623.14 | 4,270.15 ± 823.56 | 0.883 |
| Forte et al.17 | B | ICP-AES | 6,579 ± 1,015 | 5,998 ± 1,492 | < 0.05* | |
| Melo et al.21 | CF | ICP-MS | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 19.0 ± 1.9 | NS | |
| Visconti et al.19 | S | ICP-AES | 781 ± 120 | 864 ± 160 | NS | |
| Alimonti et al.9 | S | ICP-AES | 795 (703–897) | 650 (591–710) | < 0.0003* | |
| Iranmanesh et al.20 | S | CAA | 14.1 ± 3.2 | 10.9 ± 2.1 | < 0.05* | |
| Sedighi et al.28 | S | AAS | 36.7 | 40.9 | 0.25 | |
| Janghorbani et al.13 | P | ICP-AES | 288.11 ± 2.01 | 235.20 ± 2.63 | < 0.001* | |
| Pawlitzki et al.18 | S | AAS | 14.6 ± 2.3 | 12.5 ± 2.1 | < 0.05* | |
Values are reported as means ± standard deviation, and median (interquartile ranges).
B Blood, S Serum, CF Cerebrospinal Fluid, P Plasma, ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, CAA Colorimetric Auto-Analyzer, GFAAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, NS non-significant statistical difference.
*Significant statistical difference.