. 2020 Aug 4;10:13112. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69979-9

Table 1.

Metallic element concentrations in patients with multiple sclerosis and control in different studies.

Element	References	Sample type	Technical analysis	Concentration (µg/L)		p
Element	References	Sample type	Technical analysis	CONTROL	MS	p
Ba	This work	B	ICP-MS	5.05 ± 6.43	3.25 ± 2.45	0.897
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-AES	1.17 ± 0.54	1.43 ± 0.11	NS
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.69 ± 0.42	1.32 ± 0.54	< 0.05*
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.59 (0.43–0.92)	0.61 (0.44–0.81)	NS
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	1.01 ± 0.01	1.01 ± 0.01	NS
	This work	B	ICP-MS	0.22 ± 0.013	0.0003 ± 0.002	0.000*
Be	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.26 ± 0.11	0.23 ± 0.06	NS
Be	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.21 (0.31–0.32)	0.34 (0.21–0.45)	< 0.0003*
Ca	This work	B	ICP-MS	77,029.43 ± 53,013.06	55,716.59 ± 18,393.67	0.439
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-AES	68,006 ± 10,517	65,410 ± 11,264	< 0.05*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-AES	65,310 ± 5,620	86,017 ± 11,115	< 0.05*
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-AES	64,236 (59,380–68,340)	73,039 (68,786–76,417)	< 0.0003*
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	70,400 ± 420	58,300 ± 550	< 0.001*
Co	This work	B	ICP-MS	1.46 ± 0.79	0.0091 ± 0.0499	0.000*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.016 ± 0.09	0.21 ± 0.11	NS
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.16 (0.10–0.25)	0.14 (0.09–0.24)	NS
Cr	This work	B	ICP-MS	38.96 ± 148.07	6.03 ± 8.37	0.001*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.14 ± 0.05	0.36 ± 0.22	0.85
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.15 (0.12–0.21)	0.17 (0.13–0.23)	NS
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	1.09 ± 0.02	1.17 ± 0.02	< 0.01*
Cu	This work	B	ICP-MS	1,052.29 ± 487.05	721.21 ± 222.78	0.000*
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-AES	926 ± 144	1,445 ± 481	< 0.05*
	Melo et al.²¹	CF	ICP-MS	8.67 ± 0.49	10.90 ± 1.11	< 0.05*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-AES	953 ± 75	1,034 ± 228	< 0.05*
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-AES	951 (808–1,073)	940 (819–1,031)	NS
	Iranmanesh et al.²⁰	S	CAA	110.37 ± 37.10	88.58 ± 19.56	< 0.05*
	Sedighi et al.²⁸	S	AAS	88.9	93.7	0.46
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	1.06 ± 0.02	1.67 ± 0.03	< 0.001*
Fe	This work	B	ICP-MS	496,556 ± 43,797	424,319 ± 51,525	0.000*
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-AES	546,285 ± 69,705	482,748 ± 83,763	< 0.05*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-AES	1686 ± 547	1,318 ± 527	< 0.10*
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-AES	1,610 (1,228–1995)	920 (752–1,294)	< 0.0003*
	Iranmanesh et al.²⁰	S	CAA	103.95 ± 33.81	127.04 ± 34.67	< 0.05*
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	4.25 ± 0.02	4.13 ± 0.03	< 0.01*
Mg	This work	B	ICP-MS	36,416 ± 4,155.48	27,837 ± 4,127.48	0.000*
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-AES	40,392 ± 5,657	36,784 ± 5,804	NS
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-AES	17,424 (16,501–19,086)	18,391 (17,458–19,638)	NS
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	12,330 ± 250	13,470 ± 330	< 0.1*
Mo	This work	B	ICP-MS	2.03 ± 3.22	1.46 ± 0.72	0.879
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-MS	2.94 ± 1.65	2.11 ± 0.83	< 0.05*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.86 ± 0.35	1.45 ± 0.49	< 0.05*
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.84 (0.58–1.22)	1.14 (0.82–1.43)	NS
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	0.08 ± 0.04	0.17 ± 0.06	NS
Ni	This work	B	ICP-MS	13.34 ± 37.04	1.92 ± 4.43	0.000*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.44 ± 0.35	1.62 ± 1.24	< 0.05*
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.39 (0.34–0.71)	0.81 (0.41–1.37)	< 0.0003*
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	0.001 ± 0.009	0.016 ± 0.012	NS
Pb	This work	B	ICP-MS	12.46 ± 3.89	24.55 ± 19.94	0.000*
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-MS	35.6 ± 20.1	24.3 ± 12.7	< 0.05*
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.65 ± 0.34	0.53 ± 0.45	NS
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-MS	0.53 (0.34–0.71)	0.40 (0.26–0.54)	NS
	Aliomrani et al.³⁶	B	AAS	46.1 ± 22	44.7 ± 25	0.625
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	0.94 ± 0.01	0.96 ± 0.02	NS
	Dehghanifiroozabadi et al.²²	S	GFAAS	33.8 ± 28.8	75.6 ± 9.35	0.003*
Zn	This work	B	ICP-MS	4,298.35 ± 623.14	4,270.15 ± 823.56	0.883
	Forte et al.¹⁷	B	ICP-AES	6,579 ± 1,015	5,998 ± 1,492	< 0.05*
	Melo et al.²¹	CF	ICP-MS	23.5 ± 3.2	19.0 ± 1.9	NS
	Visconti et al.¹⁹	S	ICP-AES	781 ± 120	864 ± 160	NS
	Alimonti et al.⁹	S	ICP-AES	795 (703–897)	650 (591–710)	< 0.0003*
	Iranmanesh et al.²⁰	S	CAA	14.1 ± 3.2	10.9 ± 2.1	< 0.05*
	Sedighi et al.²⁸	S	AAS	36.7	40.9	0.25
	Janghorbani et al.¹³	P	ICP-AES	288.11 ± 2.01	235.20 ± 2.63	< 0.001*
	Pawlitzki et al.¹⁸	S	AAS	14.6 ± 2.3	12.5 ± 2.1	< 0.05*

Values are reported as means ± standard deviation, and median (interquartile ranges).

B Blood, S Serum, CF Cerebrospinal Fluid, P Plasma, ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, CAA Colorimetric Auto-Analyzer, GFAAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, NS non-significant statistical difference.

*Significant statistical difference.