TABLE 2.
Psychometric scores in men with and without a fetal anomaly, assessed at four points in pregnancy.
| Study group N = 32 |
Comparison group N = 83 |
P-value | |||||||
| Median (min-max) | Mean (SD) | N | Median (min-max) | Mean (SD) | N | ||||
| Time 1 | GHQ | Sum Likert | 17.0 (4–44) | 18.1 (7.0) | 32 | 14.0 (4–41) | 15.5 (6.4) | 83 | 0.019 |
| Heath perception | 3.0 (1–17) | 4.5 (3.5) | 32 | 3.0 (1–21) | 4.6 (3.6) | 83 | 0.781 | ||
| Anxiety | 6.0 (1–12) | 5.8 (2.5) | 32 | 3.0 (0–13) | 4.0 (2.4) | 83 | <0.001 | ||
| Social dysfunction | 7.0 (5–11) | 7.4 (1.3) | 31 | 7.0 (0–17) | 6.6 (2.3) | 83 | 0.009 | ||
| Depression | 0.0 (0–6) | 0.7 (1.3) | 32 | 0.0 (0–4) | 0.3 (0.7) | 83 | 0.096 | ||
| Sum case score | 2.0 (0–15) | 2.6 (3.5) | 32 | 0.0 (0–15) | 1.8 (2.9) | 83 | 0.190 | ||
| IES | Intrusion | 12.5 (2–32) | 13.7 (8.2) | 32 | 6.0 (0–25) | 7.4 (6.5) | 83 | <0.001 | |
| Avoidance | 5.0 (0–20) | 6.1 (5.3) | 32 | 0.0 (0–18) | 1.8 (3.0) | 83 | <0.001 | ||
| Arousal | 3.5 (0–18) | 5.5 (4.8) | 32 | 2.0 (0–11) | 2.3 (2.5) | 83 | <0.001 | ||
| EPDS | Sum | 5.0 (0–12) | 4.6 (3.6) | 32 | 1.0 (0–9) | 1.4 (1.9) | 83 | <0.001 | |
| Time 2 | GHQ | Sum likert | 15.0 (6–37) | 17.6 (7.3) | 32 | 13.0 (5–37) | 14.0 (5.4) | 83 | 0.007 |
| Heath perception | 4.0 (1–15) | 5.3 (3.6) | 32 | 3.0 (1–19) | 4.1 (3.1) | 83 | 0.075 | ||
| Anxiety | 4.0 (1–12) | 4.7 (2.8) | 32 | 3.0 (0–9) | 3.1 (2.0) | 83 | 0.004 | ||
| Social dysfunction | 7.0 (4–13) | 7.1 (1.3) | 32 | 7.0 (1–15) | 6.7 (1.8) | 82 | 0.021 | ||
| Depression | 0.0 (0–4) | 0.4 (1.0) | 32 | 0.0 (0–6) | 0.1 (0.7) | 83 | 0.024 | ||
| Sum case score | 0.0 (0–14) | 2.4 (4.0) | 32 | 0.0 (0–12) | 1.1 (2.4) | 83 | 0.101 | ||
| IES | Intrusion | 7.0 (0–25) | 9.6 (7.3) | 31 | 4.0 (0–24) | 5.2 (5.5) | 82 | 0.001 | |
| Avoidance | 2.0 (0–22) | 3.9 (5.1) | 31 | 0.0 (0–10) | 1.1 (2.0) | 82 | <0.001 | ||
| Arousal | 3.0 (0–12) | 3.5 (3.5) | 31 | 1.0 (0–7) | 1.7 (1.9) | 82 | 0.006 | ||
| EPDS | Sum | 1.0 (0–13) | 2.8 (3.5) | 32 | 0.0 (0–11) | 1.2 (2.1) | 83 | 0.014 | |
| Time 3 | GHQ | Sum Likert | 14.0 (8–37) | 16.3 (6.0) | 31 | 12.0 (6–30) | 14.0 (5.6) | 83 | 0.031 |
| Heath perception | 4.0 (0–14) | 4.6 (3.2) | 31 | 3.0 (0–14) | 3.9 (2.7) | 83 | 0.330 | ||
| Anxiety | 4.0 (0–12) | 4.3 (2.2) | 31 | 3.0 (0–10) | 3.3 (2.4) | 83 | 0.017 | ||
| Social dysfunction | 7.0 (4–12) | 7.3 (1.3) | 31 | 7.0 (2–17) | 6.6 (1.6) | 83 | 0.016 | ||
| Depression | 0.0 (0–2) | 0.2 (0.5) | 31 | 0.0 (0–3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 83 | 0.234 | ||
| Sum case score | 0.0 (0.15) | 1.9 (3.4) | 31 | 0.0 (0–11) | 1.0 (2.1) | 83 | 0.232 | ||
| IES | Intrusion | 5.0 (0–24) | 6.0 (5.6) | 31 | 3.0 (0–25) | 4.4 (5.0) | 83 | 0.072 | |
| Avoidance | 1.0 (0–19) | 2.7 (3.9) | 31 | 0.0 (0–9) | 0.6 (1.4) | 83 | <0.001 | ||
| Arousal | 2.0 (0–9) | 2.5 (2.6) | 30 | 1.0 (0–8) | 1.6 (2.0) | 83 | 0.087 | ||
| EPDS | Sum | 1.0 (0–12) | 1.7 (2.7) | 30 | 0.0 (0–10) | 1.1 (2.0) | 83 | 0.143 | |
| Time 4 | GHQ | Sum Likert | 15.5 (7–37) | 16.5 (6.4) | 32 | 12.0 (2–34) | 13.4 (5.8) | 83 | 0.020 |
| Heath perception | 4.0 (1–14) | 4.6 (3.3) | 32 | 3.0 (0–13) | 3.8 (2.8) | 83 | 0.169 | ||
| Anxiety | 4.0 (0–13) | 4.4 (3.0) | 32 | 2.0 (0–10) | 3.0 (2.4) | 83 | 0.010 | ||
| Social dysfunction | 7.0 (4–12) | 7.2 (1.6) | 32 | 7.0 (1–13) | 6.6 (1.9) | 82 | 0.169 | ||
| Depression | 0.0 (0–2) | 0.2 (0.6) | 32 | 0.0 (0–5) | 0.3 (0.7) | 83 | 0.109 | ||
| Sum case score | 0.0 (0–14) | 2.4 (3.7) | 32 | 0.0 (0–11) | 1.2 (2.5) | 83 | 0.123 | ||
| IES | Intrusion | 5.5 (0–23) | 6.0 (5.3) | 32 | 2.0 (0–21) | 4.3 (4.8) | 82 | 0.053 | |
| Avoidance | 2.0 (0–12) | 3.0 (4.3) | 32 | 0.0 (0–13) | 0.7 (1.9) | 82 | <0.001 | ||
| Arousal | 2.0 (0–15) | 3.0 (3.7) | 32 | 1.0 (0–19) | 2.1 (2.9) | 82 | 0.360 | ||
| EPDS | Sum | 2.0 (0–10) | 2.5 (2.8) | 31 | 0.0 (0–6) | 0.9 (1.5) | 82 | 0.001 | |
IES, Impact of Event Scale; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation; Time 1, at recruitment; Time 2, 2–3 weeks after recruitment; Time 3, at 30 gestational weeks; Time 4, at 36 gestational weeks. Comparisons tests used Independent sample Mann-Whitney U-Test.