Table 3.
Associations between weight gain and BMI z-scores and HM composition.
| Δ Weight from birth [log10(Kg)] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight gain from birth to 13 months | Weight gain from birth to 2 years | Weight gain from birth to 3 years | Weight gain from birth to 5 years | |||||
| HM composition | B (95% CI) | p | B (95% CI) | p | B (95% CI) | p | B (95% CI) | p |
| Leptin (ng/mg) | −0.008 (−0.142, 0.125) | 0.905 | 0 (−0.146, 0.145) | 0.995 | 0.012 (−0.131, 0.155) | 0.872 | 0.073 (−0.087, 0.232) | 0.371 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mg) | 0.016 (−0.011, 0.043) | 0.256 | 0.018 (−0.009, 0.045) | 0.193 | 0.014 (−0.012, 0.040) | 0.281 | 0.002 (−0.027, 0.031) | 0.882 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mg) | −0.023 (−0.068, 0.021) | 0.305 | –0.060 (–0.107, –0.014) | 0.011 | −0.047 (−0.094, 0) | 0.051 | −0.050 (−0.106, 0.006) | 0.083 |
| cGP (ng/mg) | −0.022 (−0.055, 0.010) | 0.177 | 0.005 (−0.021, 0.030) | 0.73 | 0.019 (−0.012, 0.050) | 0.228 | 0.009 (−0.028, 0.047) | 0.627 |
| IGF-1:cGP ratio | 0.002 (−0.009, 0.013) | 0.667 | −0.007 (−0.014, 0.001) | 0.075 | −0.006 (−0.015, 0.002) | 0.148 | −0.009 (−0.019, 0.002) | 0.102 |
| Protein (mg/ml) | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) | 0.428 | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) | 0.435 | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.001) | 0.243 | −0.003 (−0.006, 0) | 0.086 |
| BMI z-scores | ||||||||
| BMI 2 years | BMI 3 years | BMI 5 years | BMI across time | |||||
| HM composition | B (95% CI) | p | B (95% CI) | p | B (95% CI) | p | B (95% CI) | p |
| Leptin (ng/mg) | 0.522 (−1.898, 2.942) | 0.672 | −0.643 (−2.675, 1.390) | 0.535 | 0.067 (−2.0.40, 2.175) | 0.95 | 0.059 (−1.477, 1.596) | 0.939 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mg) | 0.039 (−0.435, 0.513) | 0.871 | 0.348 (−0.053, 0.749) | 0.089 | 0.089 (−0.315, 0.492) | 0.666 | 0.104 (−0.235, 0.442) | 0.548 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mg) | −0.818 (−1.755, 0.119) | 0.087 | −0.542 (−1.336, 0.252) | 0.181 | −0.480 (−1.270, 0.309) | 0.233 | −0.615 (−1.301, 0.070) | 0.078 |
| cGP (ng/mg) | −0.213 (−0.813, 0.387) | 0.486 | 0.276 (−0.144, 0.696) | 0.197 | 0.507 (0.076, 0.938) | 0.021 | 0.149 (−0.202, 0.500) | 0.405 |
| IGF-1:cGP ratio | 0.020 (−0.191, 0.232) | 0.851 | –0.212 (–0.312, –0.113) | p < 0.001 | –0.235 (–0.350, –0.120) | p < 0.001 | −0.130 (−0.300, 0.040) | 0.133 |
| Protein (mg/ml) | −0.015 (−0.067, 0.038) | 0.583 | −0.010 (−0.056, 0.035) | 0.656 | −0.017 (−0.061, 0.026) | 0.435 | −0.013 (−0.047, 0.020) | 0.436 |
Values represent parameter estimates obtained by each individual fitted regression model with the following cofactors: maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, birthweight, infant sex, total breastfeeding duration and introduction of solid foods. IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor-1; cGP, cyclic Glycine Proline; B, unstandardized beta coefficients. BMI and weight z-scores were calculated using reference values specific to the Finnish population (43). Weight gain was calculated as difference between each clinical visit and birth weight. Bold values indicate significant p-values.