Table 2.
Comparison of the 3 clusters
| Variables | Total cohort (n = 101) | Cluster 1 (n = 62) | Cluster 2 (n = 15) | Cluster 3 (n = 24) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 67.0 [52.5–76.0] | 70.5 [54.0–77.3]a | 54.0 [43.0–64.0]a | 67.5 [52.8–75.0] | 0.006b |
| Female, n (%) | 34 (33.7) | 20 (32.3) | 10 (66.7) | 4 (16.7) | 0.005b |
| Height, cm | 163 [154–169] | 162 [154–169] | 154 [151–168] | 166 [160–170] | 0.093 |
| Body weight, kg | 62.6 [52.1–74.6] | 60.9 [54.1–71.8] | 66.5 [42.3–78.0] | 69.6 [52.4–87.2] | 0.28 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 150 [130–163] | 150 [140–170]a | 160 [140–175]c | 130 [120–140]a,c | < 0.001b |
| Underlying renal disease, n (%) | 0.21 | ||||
| Diabetic kidney disease | 36 (35.6) | 22 (35.5) | 6 (40.0) | 8 (33.3) | |
| Nephrosclerosis | 14 (13.9) | 9 (14.5) | 3 (20.0) | 2 (8.3) | |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | 11 (10.9) | 7 (11.3) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (8.3) | |
| ADPKD | 7 (6.9) | 7 (11.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| IgA nephropathy | 4 (4.0) | 4 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Others | 29 (28.7) | 13 (21.0) | 4 (26.7) | 12 (50.0) | |
| Blood test | |||||
| Total protein, g/dl | 6.0 [5.5–6.5] | 6.2 [5.5–6.5] | 5.8 [5.4–6.2] | 6.2 [5.5–6.7] | 0.53 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dl | 92.7 [77.0–108.4] | 91.6 [75.6–102.1] | 90.5 [78.7–119.4] | 102.0 [86.0–118.5] | 0.077 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 8.49 [6.98–10.97] | 8.89 [7.28–11.70]a | 10.81 [7.84–12.66]c | 6.74 [5.92–8.65]c | < 0.00b |
| Potassium, mmol/l | 4.2 [3.8–4.8] | 4.1 [3.8–4.5]a | 4.9 [4.4–5.3]a,c | 4.3 [3.8–4.7]c | 0.001b |
| White blood cell, ×103/mm3 | 5.9 [4.9–8.4] | 5.5 [4.6–6.1]a,c | 9.3 [7.9–11.5]a | 7.2 [5.4–9.4]c | < 0.00b |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 8.9 [7.9–9.6] | 9.2 [8.4–9.9] | 7.9 [7.0–9.3] | 8.4 [7.5–9.3] | 0.020b |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.24 [0.09–1.85] | 0.14 [0.05–0.34]a,c | 0.75 [0.24–3.89]a | 2.20 [0.41–5.64]c | < 0.001b |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.7 [5.3–6.2] | 5.7 [5.3–6.3] | 5.6 [5.1–5.9] | 5.6 [5.3–6.4] | 0.56 |
| BNP, pg/ml | 221 [76–954] | 206 [80–480]a | 1686 [613–2063]a,c | 148 [43–1175]c | < 0.001b |
| β2-microglobulin, mg/l | 17.2 [14.5–20.5] | 17.5 [14.9–20.1] | 20.6 [17.6–23.6]a | 14.9 [13.4–18.3]a | 0.014b |
| Urine test | |||||
| pH | 6.0 [5.0–7.0] | 6.5 [6.0–7.0]a | 6.5 [5.5–7.0]c | 5.0 [5.0–5.5]a,c | < 0.001b |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 59.2 [44.8–78.4] | 53.1 [45.7–74.2]a | 50.8 [35.4–65.1]c | 92.1 [56.5–112.8]a,c | 0.002b |
| Protein, mg/dl | 167 [66.6–329] | 212 [81.8–325]a | 345 [139–510]c | 75.0 [36.3–186]a,c | 0.001b |
| NAG, IU/L | 7.3 [4.8–11.9] | 6.8 [4.6–10.4]a | 7.8 [4.6–15.5] | 9.7 [7.1–13.6]a | 0.005b |
| α1-microglbulin, mg/l | 52.2 [34.4–73.3] | 51.3 [36.6–68.3] | 69.1 [42.8–80.2] | 48.3 [15.6–74.6] | 0.23 |
| L-FABP, ng/ml | 77.6 [39.2–110.8] | 89.0 [42.1–114.6]a | 77.8 [64.1–119.7]c | 46.7 [18.1–91.7]a,c | 0.008b |
| Urine volume, ml/d | 1120 [743–1510] | 1100 [740–1530] | 1200 [630–2000] | 1030 [748–1313] | 0.77 |
| Hospital stay, d | 8 [5–20] | 6 [5–11]a,c | 20 [12–42]a | 21 [7–48]c | < 0.001b |
| 90-d mortality, n (%) | 6 (5.9) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 5 (20.8) | 0.002b |
| 1-yr mortality, n (%) | 14 (13.9) | 3 (4.8) | 2 (13.3) | 9 (37.5) | < 0.001b |
ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; L-FABP, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein; N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase.
a,c
Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in comparing 2 groups using the Steel-Dwass test for multiple comparison.
b
P < 0.05 by the Kruskal-Wallis test or Pearson’s χ2 test.