Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the total study population and stratified by SUA quartiles
| Total n = 16,057 | SUA quartiles, mg/dl |
P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤5.0 (n = 4060) | >5.0−6.0 (n = 4128) | >6.0−7.1 (n = 3948) | >7.1 (n = 3921) | |||
| Age, yr | 61.6 ± 15.1 | 66.9 ± 13.9 | 63.4 ± 14.6 | 59.9 ± 14.6 | 55.7 ± 14.8 | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 59.8 | 54.4 | 57.6 | 62.1 | 65.5 | <0.001 |
| Dialysis vintage, mo | 3.6 (1.2; 16.4) | 3.1 (1.1; 16.4) | 3.5 (1.2; 19.5) | 3.6 (1.3; 15.0) | 4.2 (1.4; 15.2) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||||
| Cardiovascular diseasea | 31.4 | 31.9 | 30.4 | 31.3 | 32.2 | 0.335 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 32.7 | 37.0 | 36.8 | 31.5 | 25.4 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 64.5 | 61.3 | 62.8 | 63.9 | 70.3 | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 7.9 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 6.6 | 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 9.4 | 5.8 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 14.7 | <0.001 |
| Treatment modality, % | 0.005 | |||||
| Hemodialysis | 65.2 | 63.9 | 64.7 | 65.0 | 67.1 | |
| Hemodiafiltration | 34.1 | 35.5 | 34.7 | 34.3 | 31.9 | |
| Other | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
| Treatment parameter | ||||||
| OCM Kt/V | 1.27 ± 0.45 | 1.31 ± 0.46 | 1.31 ± 0.44 | 1.26 ± 0.44 | 1.19 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Intradialytic weight loss, kg | 1.1 (0.5; 2.0) | 1.0 (0.5; 1.9) | 1.2 (0.5; 2.0) | 1.1 (0.5; 2.0) | 1.2 (0.4; 2.2) | <0.001 |
| Convection volume, Lb | 18.8 ± 8.7 | 18.4 ± 8.7 | 18.9 ± 9.2 | 18.9 ± 8.5 | 19.1 ± 8.2 | 0.193 |
| Effective treatment time, min | 240.0 (176.0; 240.0) | 232.0 (177.0; 240.0) | 240.0 (180.0; 240.0) | 240.0 (176.0; 240.0) | 240.0 (150.0; 241.0) | <0.001 |
| Treatments/wk, % | <0.001 | |||||
| <3 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 2.7 | |
| 3 | 96.0 | 96.8 | 96.0 | 95.4 | 95.6 | |
| >3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.8 | |
| Vascular access, % | <0.001 | |||||
| Fistula | 62.7 | 55.5 | 61.1 | 65.0 | 69.6 | |
| Graft | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.3 | |
| Catheter | 34.9 | 42.0 | 36.5 | 32.9 | 28.1 | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 145.6 ± 25.8 | 143.3 ± 26.1 | 144.9 ± 25.3 | 146.1 ± 25.8 | 148.1 ± 25.6 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 75.2 ± 15.1 | 72.0 ± 14.6 | 74.4 ± 14.7 | 76.2 ± 15.0 | 78.6 ± 15.3 | <0.001 |
| Medication, % | ||||||
| Allopurinol | 12.1 | 20.4 | 13.1 | 8.8 | 5.9 | <0.001 |
| Febuxostat | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Statins | 24.0 | 29.8 | 26.8 | 22.8 | 16.2 | <0.001 |
| Medications increasing SUA levelsc |
51.9 | 57.6 | 54.6 | 51.5 | 43.6 | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 24.6 | 30.0 | 26.5 | 24.1 | 17.4 | <0.001 |
| β-Blocker | 31.3 | 32.3 | 32.6 | 31.1 | 29.1 | 0.003 |
| Body composition | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.9 ± 5.6 | 26.5 ± 5.5 | 26.7 ± 5.4 | 27.0 ± 5.6 | 27.4 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Lean tissue index, kg/m2 | 12.7 ± 3.0 | 12.0 ± 2.9 | 12.4 ± 2.9 | 12.9 ± 3.0 | 13.5 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Fat tissue index, kg/m2 | 13.3 ± 6.1 | 13.2 ± 5.9 | 13.3 ± 6.1 | 13.2 ± 6.2 | 13.3 ± 6.4 | 0.930 |
| Overhydration, L | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 3.3 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 2.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Serum uric acid, mg/dl | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 8.3 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 10.5 ± 1.7 | 10.5 ± 1.6 | 10.6 ± 1.6 | 10.6 ± 1.7 | 10.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Phosphate, mg/dl | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 7.1 ± 2.7 | 5.8 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 7.4 ± 2.4 | 8.6 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 168.7 ± 46.2 | 160.7 ± 44.8 | 164.7 ± 44.6 | 171.6 ± 46.7 | 178.6 ± 46.9 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 136.7 (96.0; 195.6) | 121.0 (86.0; 170.0) | 131.0 (94.0; 184.0) | 141.6 (101.0; 203.0) | 157.0 (110.6; 231.0) | <0.001 |
| nPCR, g/kg per day | 1.01 ± 0.28 | 0.91 ± 0.25 | 0.98 ± 0.24 | 1.04 ± 0.26 | 1.10 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
| PTH, pg/ml | 239.0 (126.6; 432.4) | 193.0 (103.0; 363.0) | 226.0 (121.7; 406.0) | 256.0 (136.3; 443.8) | 295.3 (155.6; 521.6) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 5.3 (2.0; 14.5) | 5.6 (2.0; 15.5) | 5.1 (1.8; 14.8) | 5.1 (2.0; 13.6) | 5.3 (2.0; 14.3) | 0.106 |
nPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate; OCM, Online Clearance Monitoring; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SUA, serum uric acid.
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (quartile 1; quartile 3) or percentage, as appropriate. Statistical analysis was performed with 1-way analysis of variance for normally distributed continuous variables, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non−normally distributed continuous variables, and the Pearson χ2 test for dichotomous variables. Information was missing for following parameters in the total cohort: OCM Kt/V, 1686; intradialytic weight loss, 125; convection volume, 157; body mass index, 142; hemoglobin, 46; phosphate, 48; albumin, 541; creatinine, 496; total cholesterol, 2966; triglycerides, 3153; nPCR, 5326; PTH, 1473; and C-reactive protein, 2270.
Cardiovascular disease was defined as prevalence of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, or cerebrovascular disease.
Information on convection volume is presented for patients treated with hemodiafiltration (HDF).
Medications that increase SUA levels were defined according to Moriwaki.39