Fig. (2).

Hu-Liver and HIS Mice. Dually engrafted mice have been generated by combining characteristics of human liver HEP-mice with features of human immune system mice. The HIS/HEP mice, therefore, allow susceptibility to human hepatotropic pathogens (HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, etc.) and human lymphotropic pathogens (e.g., EBV, HIV) and can be used for evaluating the pathogenesis and immune responses of hepatotropic pathogens and for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates. (A higher resolution/colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article).