Table 1. The main characteristics of included trials.
| Study (year) | Country or Area | Patient recruitment | Sample size | Sample processing | Smear- positive rate (%) | HIV- positive rate (%) | Culture type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult BAL1 group | |||||||
| Barnard, 2015 | South Africa | NA2 | 112 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 15 | NA | MGIT |
| Gowda, 2018 | India | NA | 60 | Unprocessed | 12 | 7 | MGIT |
| Jo, 2016 | South Korea | NA | 320 | Centrifugation | 8 | 0 | MGIT and Ogawa |
| Khalil, 2015 | Pakistan | NA | 93 | NA | 37 | NA | LJ3 |
| Kilaru, 2019 | India | Inpatients and outpatients | 56 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 38 | 0 | MGIT |
| Ko, 2016 | Korea | NA | 249 | NA | NA | 0 | MGIT and Ogawa |
| Lee, 2013 | Korea | NA | 132 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 5 | 0 | MGIT and Ogawa |
| Lu, 2018 | China | NA | 238 | Decontamination | 9 | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Mok, 2016 | Singapore | Inpatients and outpatients | 158 | NA | 6 | NA | MGIT |
| Pan, 2018 | China | NA | 190 | Decontamination | 19 | NA | MGIT |
| Prakash, 2018 | Six countries | Inpatients and outpatients | 383 | NA | 6 | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Sánchez-Cabral, 2020 | Brazil | NA | 54 | NA | NA | 41 | MGIT and LJ |
| Sharma, 2015* | India | NA | 131 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Theron, 2013 | South Africa | NA | 154 | Centrifugation | 10 | 30 | MGIT |
| To, 2018 | China | NA | 237 | NA | NA | 2 | NA |
| Ullah, 2017 | Pakistan | NA | 98 | Decontamination | 0 | 100 | NA |
| Silva, 2019 | Brazil | NA | 199 | NA | NA | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Adult ES4 group | |||||||
| Al-Darraji, 2013 | Malaysia | Prison | 125 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | 100 | MGIT |
| Boum, 2016 | Uganda | NA | 1016 | NA | 20 | 66 | MGIT |
| Friedrich, 2011 | South Africa | NA | 292 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 97 | 42 | MGIT |
| Geleta, 2015 | Somali | NA | 227 | Decontamination | 26 | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| LaCourse, 2016 | Kenya | NA | 288 | Decontamination | NA | 100 | MGIT |
| Luetkemeyer, 2016* | American, Brazil, and Rio de Janeiro | Inpatients and outpatients | 992 | Unprocessed | 15 | NA | MGIT and solid media |
| Madico, 2016 | Mbarara and Uganda | Inpatients | 261 | Decontamination | 15 | 100 | MGIT |
| Pinyopornpanish, 2015 | Thailand | NA | 57 | NA | 14 | 46 | MGIT |
| Rachow, 2011 | Tanzania | NA | 126 | Decontamination | NA | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Rasheed, 2019 | Pakistan | NA | 225 | Unprocessed | 0 | NA | LJ |
| Rice, 2017* | American | NA | 637 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 30 | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Sahle, 2019 | Ethiopia | Prison | 13803 | NA | 0.1 | 0.6 | MGIT |
| Sharma, 2015* | India | NA | 71 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Yeong, 2020 | Australia | Inpatients | 56 | Decontamination | 11 | 0 | MGIT |
| Adult IS5 group | |||||||
| Acuna, 2017 | Uganda | Inpatients and outpatients | 860 | Decontamination | 89 | 69 | MGIT |
| Luetkemeyer, 2016* | America and Brazil | NA | 324 | NA | NA | NA | MGIT and solid media |
| Mishra, 2020 | South Africa | NA | 585 | Decontamination | 12 | 20 | MGIT and LJ |
| O’Grady, 2012 | Zambia | Inpatients | 881 | Centrifugation | 18 | 71 | MGIT |
| Rice, 2017* | America | NA | 653 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Sharma, 2015* | India | NA | 71 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | NA | MGIT and LJ |
| Sohn, 2014 | Canada | NA | 502 | Decontamination | 3 | 2 | MGIT |
| Pediatric ES group | |||||||
| Bates, 2013* | Zambia | Inpatients | 142 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 7 | 31 | MGIT |
| Reither, 2015 | Tanzania and Uganda | NA | 451 | Decontamination | NA | 44 | MGIT and LJ |
| Pediatric GA6 group | |||||||
| Bates, 2013* | Zambia | Inpatients | 788 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 4 | 30 | MGIT |
| Das, 2018* | India and adjoining areas of Nepal | Inpatients and outpatients | 106 | NA | NA | NA | LJ |
| Hasan, 2017 | Pakistan | NA | 49 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | NA | MGIT |
| Myo, 2018 | Myanmar | NA | 231 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 5 | 13 | LJ |
| Pang, 2014 | China | NA | 211 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 0 | NA | MGIT |
| Sharma 2020 | India | Outpatients | 210 | Decontamination | 7 | NA | MGIT |
| Pediatric IS group | |||||||
| Das, 2018* | India and adjoining areas of Nepal | Inpatients and outpatients | 8 | Nebulization | NA | NA | LJ |
| LaCourse, 2014 | Malawi | NA | 300 | NA | 0 | 17 | MGIT |
| Nicol, 2011 | South Africa | NA | 452 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 6 | 24 | MGIT |
| Nicol, 2013 | South Africa | NA | 115 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 3 | 15 | MGIT |
| Nicol, 2018 | South Africa | NA | 367 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | 19 | MGIT and LJ |
| Sekadde, 2013 | Uganda | Mixed | 250 | Digestion and decontamination | 6 | 42 | MGIT and LJ |
| Togun, 2015 | Gambia | Outpatients | 487 | Digestion, decontamination, and centrifugation | 1 | 0 | MGIT and LJ |
| Zar, 2012* | South Africa | Inpatients | 396 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 5 | 20 | MGIT |
| Zar, 2013* | South Africa | NA | 384 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 1 | 8 | MGIT |
| Pediatric NPA7 group | |||||||
| Zar, 2012* | South Africa | Inpatients | 396 | Decontamination and centrifugation | 4 | 20 | MGIT |
| Zar, 2013* | South Africa | NA | 384 | Decontamination and centrifugation | NA | NA | MGIT |
*
These studies were divided into at least two groups.
a, BAL.
b, Not available.
c, Löwenstein–Jensen medium.
d, ES.
e, IS.
f, GA.
g, NPAs.