Figure 9.

Overview and Summary of the homeostatic processes described in this review for the normal human adult. This figure diagrams amounts of copper entering the digestive tract from various sources and how they travel from the intestine to key organs (like liver and kidney) and the rest of the organism, as well as how copper is excreted. Values indicated are average mg Cu per day. Dietary Cu is indicated by purple lines; absorption and distribution to liver, kidney and other cells is in darker blue; involvement of ceruloplasmin (Cp) is in lighter blue; involvement of Cp and hephaestin (Hp) in Fe efflux from liver and intestine, respectively, is in the light blue and orange; secretions that lead to Cu efflux into the GI tract, feces and urine are in red. Modified and updated from Linder [9].