| M-CSF | macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
| RANKL | receptor activator of nuclear factor κB Ligand |
| PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 |
| 1,25(OH)2D3 | vitamin D |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-α |
| IL | interleukin |
| LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
| IFN | interferon |
| OPG | osteoprotegerin |
| FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
| IGF | insulin-like growth factor |
| VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
| GH | growth hormone |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
| MCP | monocyte chemotactic protein |
| MAPKs | mitogen-activated protein kinases |
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