Table 2.

Anthelmintic drugs employed in clinical trials to treat cancers of the digestive system.

Drug	Cancer Type	Title of the Study	Phase	Identifier/Ref.
Mebendazole	CRC	Clinical study evaluating Mebendazole as adjuvant therapy in patients with colorectal cancer	2	NCT03925662
Mebendazole	Gastrointestinal cancer	Cytotoxic activity against five CRC cell lines	Terminated (lack of effect)	NCT03628079
Niclosamide	CRC	A Phase I study of Niclosamide in patients with resectable colon cancer	Terminated (low accrual)	NCT02687009
Niclosamide	CRC	Phase II Trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of orally applied Niclosamide in patients with metachronous or synchronous metastases of colorectal cancer progressing after therapy	2	NCT02519582
Niclosamide	FAP	The chemopreventive effect of Niclosamide in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: double blinded randomized controlled study	2	NCT04296851
Levamisole	CRC	Levamisole and Fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma	Terminated	[60]
Levamisole	CRC	Prospectively randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-risk colon cancer	Terminated (lack of effect)	[61]
Levamisole	CRC	Clinical trial to assess the relative efficacy of fluorouracil and leucovorin, fluorouracil and levamisole, and fluorouracil, leucovorin and levamisole in patients with Dukes’ B and C carcinoma of the colon: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project C-04	Terminated (lack of effect)	[62]
Levamisole	HCC	Multicenter, randomized, open, parallel, prospective, exploratory clinical study of Arginine Hydrochloride and levamisole in the treatment of advanced HCC	3	NCT03950518
Levamisole	Intrahepatic CCA	The efficacy of Levamisole Hcl in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. A multicenter, open, randomized, prospective study	3	NCT03940378

Abbreviations: CRC: colorectal cancer; FAP: familial adenomatous polyposis; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; CCA: cholangiocarcinoma.