| CCA | cholangiocarcinoma |
| CCl4 | carbon tetrachloride |
| CDA | cytidine deaminase |
| CI | confidence interval |
| COX | cyclooxygenase |
| DDC | 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine |
| DEN | diethylnitrosamine |
| DMN | dimethylnitrosamine |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleotide acid |
| FGFR | fibroblast growth factor receptor |
| GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
| GEM | genetically engineered mice |
| GEMOX | gemcitabine/oxaliplatin |
| HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| HR | hazard ratio |
| iCCA | intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
| IDH | isocitrate dehydrogenase |
| IL | interleukin |
| LMBDL | left and median bile duct ligations |
| miRNA | micro ribonuleic acid |
| MPP | metalloproteinase |
| O. viverrini | Opisthorchis viverrini |
| OS | overall survival |
| OSBP | oxysterol binding protein |
| PDX | patient-derived xenograft |
| Pten | phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted chromosome 10 |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| SB | sleeping beauty |
| TAA | thioacetamide |
| TGF | transforming growth factor |
| TKI | tyrosine-kinase inhibitors |
| VEGFR | vascular endothelial growth factor |
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