Figure 4.

Surface coverage by HGFs and killing of S. aureus ATCC12600 upon NIR irradiation (1 W/cm², 808 nm) of PDA-NP-coated (200 μg/cm²) titanium surfaces in monocultures as a function of irradiation time. Samples were immersed in different volumes of the DMEM-HG medium and PBS for HGFs and staphylococci, respectively (see schematics). The dotted lines indicate NIR irradiation times considered acceptable for maintaining tissue integration (>40% cell surface coverage; data in red) and meaningful bacterial killing (>99.9%; data in blue). Gray shading represents the window of acceptable irradiation times, based on both criteria.