. 2020 Jul 15;21(14):4978. doi: 10.3390/ijms21144978

Table 1.

A summary of the demineralization and deproteinization of chitin and chitosan from insects.

Insects
Sources		Demineralization					Deproteinization					Yield	References
Scientific Name	Common Name	Type of Acid	Concentration	Temperature (°C)	Solution-to-Solid Ratio (mL/g)	Duration	Type of Alkali	Concentration	Temperature (°C)	Solution-to-Solid Ratio (mL/g)	Duration	Yield	References
N/A	Beetle larvae cuticle	HCl	1 N	100	N/A	20 min	NaOH	1 N	80	N/A	24–36 h	^a 15%–20%	[10]
N/A	Beetle larvae cuticle	HCl	1 N	100	N/A	20 min	Reflux with 0.4% of Na₂CO₃, 20 h					^a 15%–20%	[10]
Bombus terrestris	Bumblebee	HCl	1 M	100	N/A	20 min	NaOH	1 M	85	N/A	24 h	^a 6.89%	[55]
Periostracum Cicadae	Cicada slough	HCl	1 N	100	N/A	20 min	NaOH	1 N	80	N/A	36 h	^a 36.6%	[86]
Periostracum Cicadae	Cicada slough	HCl	1 N	100	N/A	20 min	Refluxed with NaCO₃,1 2 h					^a 36.6%	[86]
Holotrichia parallela	Dark black chafer beetle	HCl	1 M	100	50	30 min	NaOH	1 M	80	50	24 h	^a 15%	[11]
Chyrysomya megacephala	Oriental latrine fly	Oxalic acid	N/A	N/A	N/A	3 h	NaOH	1 M	95	N/A	6 h	^b 26.2	[87]
Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Potato beetle	HCl	2 M	65–75	N/A	2 h	NaOH	2 M	80–90	N/A	16 h	^a 20% ^b 72%	[89]
Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Larvae	HCl	2 M	65–75	N/A	2 h	NaOH	2 M	80–90	N/A	16 h	^a 7% ^b 67%	[89]
Melolontha melolontha	Cockchafer beetle	HCl	4 M	75	N/A	2 h	NaOH	4 M	150	N/A	18 h	^a 13%–14%	[90]
Palomena prasina	Green shield bug	HCl	2 M	100	N/A	2 h	NaOH	2 M	140	N/A	20 h	^a 10.8%	[96]
Schistocerca gregaria	Desert locust	HCl	1 M	RT	15	N/A	NaOH	1 M	100	N/A	8 h	^a 12.2%	[92]
Apis mellifera	Western honeybee	HCl	1 M	RT	15	N/A	NaOH	1 M	100	N/A	8 h	^a 2.5%	[92]
Calosoma rugosa	Beetles	HCl	1 M	RT	15	N/A	NaOH	1 M	100	N/A	8 h	^a 5%	[92]
Gryllus bimaculatus	Crickets	HCl	2 N	21	N/A	3 h	NaOH	1.25 N	95	N/A	3 h	^a 2.35% ^b 1.79%	[93]
Brachytrupes portentosus	House cricket	Oxalic acid	N/A	RT	20	3 h	NaOH	1 M	95	20	6 h	^a 4.3%–7.1% ^b 2.4%–5.8%	[94]
Tenebrio molitor	Mealworm beetle (larvae)	HCl	7%	25	N/A	24 h	NaOH	10%	N/A	80	24 h	^a 4.6% ^b 80%		[95]
Tenebrio molitor	Mealworm beetle (adult)	HCl	7%	25	N/A	24 h	NaOH	10%	N/A	80	24 h	^a 8.4% ^b 78.33%		[95]
Zophobas morio	Superwrm	HCl	7%	25	N/A	24 h	NaOH	10%	N/A	80	24 h	^a 3.9% ^b 83.33%		[95]
Allomyrina dichotoma	Rhinoceros beetle (larvae)	HCl	7%	25	N/A	24 h	NaOH	10%	N/A	80	24 h	^a 10.5% ^b 83.37%		[95]
Allomyrina dichotoma	Rhinoceros beetle (pupa)	HCl	7%	25	N/A	24 h	NaOH	10%	N/A	80	24 h	^a 12.7% ^b 83.37%		[95]
Allomyrina dichotoma	Rhinoceros beetle (adult)	HCl	7%	25	N/A	24 h	NaOH	10%	N/A	80	24 h	^a 14.2% ^b 75%		[95]
Bombyx mori	Silkworm	HCl	1 N	100	N/A	20 min	NaOH	1 N	80	N/A	24–36 h	^a 15%–20% ^b 70%–80%		[10]
Bombyx mori	Silkworm	HCl	1 N	100	N/A	20 min	Reflux with 0.4% of Na₂CO₃, 20h					^a 15%–20% ^b 70%–80%		[10]
Bombyx mori	Silkworm	HCl	1 M	100	10	20 min	NaOH	1 M	80	10	24 h	^a 2.59%–4.23% ^b 73%–96.75%		[88]
Bombyx eri	larvae	HCl	1 M	80	N/A	35	NaOH	1 M	80	NA	24 h	^a 45%		[85]

^a Chitin yield percentage; ^b chitosan yield percentage; NA: non-available; no data shown in reference.