Table 1.

The type of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; BAEC, bovine aortic endothelial cell; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; LKB1, liver kinase B 1; CAMKK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase; PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; CRAC, calcium release-activated calcium.

Stimuli	ROS	Cell Types	Animal Strains	Mechanisms	Refs
N/A	Hydrogen peroxide	H4IIEC3	N/A	PKCζ-LKB1	[42]
N/A	Hydrogen peroxide	HeLa	N/A	CaMKK	[42]
Berberine	Mitochondrial ROS, peroxynitrite	BAEC	N/A	LKB1	[43]
N/A	Hydrogen peroxide	C2C12	N/A	ATP-to-ADP ratio	[44]
N/A	Hydrogen peroxide	NIH-3T3	N/A	AMP-to-ATP ratio	[45]
N/A	Hydrogen peroxide	HEK293	N/A	ADP-to-ATP ratio	[46]
N/A	NO, peroxynitrite	N/A	nNOS−/− mice	N/A	[47]
N/A	Hydrogen peroxide	HEK293	C3Ga.Cg-Cat B/J mice	S-glutathionylation of Cys299 and Cys304 on the AMPKα subunit	[48]
N/A	Mitochondrial ROS	MEF	N/A	N/A	[51]
Trolox	Physiological ROS	MEF	N/A	N/A	[51]
Thromboxane receptor	Hydrogen peroxide	VSMC	N/A	LKB1	[52]
Glucose oxidase	Hydrogen peroxide	HEK293, HeLa	N/A	AMP-to-ATP ratio	[53]
N/A	Peroxynitrite	BAEC	N/A	N/A	[54]
Sodium nitroprusside	NO	HUVEC	N/A	sGC-Ca2+-CAMKK2 axis	[55]
Hypoxia-reoxygenation	Peroxynitrite	BAEC	N/A	cSRC-PI3K-PDK1	[56]
Hypoxia	Mitochondrial ROS	AMPK α1−/−2−/−MEF	N/A	LKB1	[57]
Hypoxia	Cellular ROS	143B, LKB1−/−MEF	N/A	CRAC-CAMKK2	[58]
2-Deoxy-d-glucose	Mitochondrial ROS	BAEC	N/A	N/A	[59]
Metformin	RNS	BAEC	eNOS−/− mice	cSRC-PI3K-LKB1 axis	[60]