. 2020 Jul 15;21(14):4987. doi: 10.3390/ijms21144987

Table 3.

AMPK, mitochondrial, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and complications. SIRT, sirtuin; APOE, apolipoprotein E; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HFD, high-fat diet; PA, palmitate; TAC, transverse aortic constriction; DRP1, dynamin-like protein; PINK1, phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1; FUNDC1, FUN14 domain containing 1; ETB, endothelin B; MAM, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Reagents	Animal Strains	Disease Models	Culture Cells	Upstream of AMPK	Downstream of AMPK	Intracellular Effects	Cellular Effects	CVDs and Complications	Refs
Berberine	APOE^−/− mice, APOE^−/−/AMPKα2^−/− mice	WD	HUVEC	Mitochondrial ROS	NRF1-UCP2 axis	Oxidative stress	Endothelial dysfunction	Atherosclerosis	[128]
Fucoxanthin	N/A	oxLDL	HUVEC	N/A	PKC-NOX-AKT-CREB-PGC1α axis	Oxidative stress; Mitochondrial dysfunction	Endothelial dysfunction	Atherosclerosis	[129]
Salidroside	LDLR^−/− mice	HFD	HUVEC	AMP-to-ATP ratio	PI3K/AKT-eNOS-NO axis	NO bioavailability	Endothelial dysfunction	Atherosclerosis	[130]
Mitochondria-targeted esculetin	APOE^−/− mice	AngII	HAEC	Mitochondrial ROS	eNOS-NO-SIRT3-TFAM/PGC1α axis	Mitochondrial biogenesis	Endothelial dysfunction	Atherosclerosis	[131]
N/A	AMPKα1^−/− mice, AMPKα2^−/− mice	N/A	HUVEC, MAEC, PMEC	Mitochondrial ROS	UCP2	Oxidative stress	Angiogenesis	Ischemia	[132]
N/A	AMPKα1^−/− mice, AMPKα2^−/− mice	N/A	HUVEC, MAEC, PMEC	Mitochondrial ROS	eNOS-NO axis	NO bioavailability	Angiogenesis	Ischemia	[132]
N/A		N/A	H9c2	Mitochondrial ROS	N/A	Mitophagy	Cardioprotection	Ischemia	[133]
Melatonin	AMPKα^−/− mice	N/A	CMEC	N/A	DRP1-VDAC1/HK2/MPTP-PINK1/PARKIN axis	Mitophagy	Cell death	Ischemia /reperfusion	[134]
Nitrite	WT mice	N/A	H9c2	PKA-DRP1-mitochondrial ROS axis	N/A	Mitochondrial fission	Cell death	Ischemia /reperfusion	[135]
The mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c	WT mice	Vitamin D3, Nicotine	N/A	N/A	ETB and AT1	N/A	N/A	Vascular calcification	[136]
The translocator protein	WT mice	Balloon injury model, PDGF-BB	A10	N/A	N/A	N/A	VSMC proliferation and migration	Neointima formation	[137]
N/A	SIRT5^−/− mice	TAC model	HEK293T	SIRT5-AMP/ATP axis	N/A	N/A	Cardiac dysfunction	Cardiac hypertrophy	[138]
N/A	AMPKα2^−/− mice	TAC model	HEK293T	N/A	PINK1/PARKIN axis	Mitophagy	Cardiac dysfunction	Cardiac hypertrophy	[117]
N/A	AMPKα2^−/− mice	STZ	H9c2, Cardiomyocyte	N/A	FUNDC1-MAMs axis	Mitochondrial dysfunction	Cardiomyopathy	Diabetes	[139]
Melatonin	N/A	LPS	HUVEC	N/A	SERCA2a-Calcium-XO-ROS-DRP1 axis	Mitochondrial fission	Cell apoptosis	Inflammation	[140]
Corosolic acid	WT mice	PA	RAEC, HUVEC	LKB1	DRP1-NOX2-ROS-NLRP3 axis	Mitochondrial fission; Oxidative stress; Inflammation	Cell death	Obesity	[141]
Punicalagin	WT mice	HFD	Cardiomyocyte	ADP-to-ATP ratio	PGC1α	Mitochondrial biogenesis	Cardiac dysfunction	obesity	[142]
Punicalagin	WT mice	HFD	Cardiomyocyte	ADP-to-ATP ratio	NRF2-Phase II enzyme	Oxidative stress	Cardiac dysfunction	obesity	[142]