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. 2020 Jul 14;21(14):4975. doi: 10.3390/ijms21144975

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Characterization of punicalagin, a novel PAR2 antagonist, in the human podocyte cell line. (A) Chemical structure of punicalagin (PCG). (B) Summary of dose responses (mean ± SEM, n = 5–6). (C) Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2), phospho-P65 (p-65) and total P65 (t-p65). The indicated concentrations of PCG were applied 30 min prior to PAR2 activation by PAR2-AP. (D) Inhibition of the PAR2-induced upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 by PCG. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression levels were detected at 6 h after PAR2 activation. (E–H) The indicated concentrations of PCG were applied 30 min prior to the application of PAR2-AP. IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-8 concentrations were measured at 12 h after PAR2 activation (mean ± SEM, n = 3). * p  <  0.05, ** p  <  0.01, and *** p  <  0.001. Two-tailed Student’s t-test (E,F).